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Today in History 12/25 (Mikhail Gorbachev Resigns)

December 25, 2018 by GµårÐïåñ
Mikhail Gorbachev announcing his resignation as president of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991 (© Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)(1991) Gorbachev steps down as Soviet president
Mikhail Gorbachev announces he’s resigning as Soviet leader. For the most part, the country had ceased to exist a few days prior when 11 of the 12 former Soviet republics formed an independent alliance. Still, Gorbachev’s speech hammers the final nails in the USSR’s coffin.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country’s head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet collapse moved toward social democracy.
Born: Mar 02, 1931 (age 87) · Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai, Russia
Spouse: Raisa Gorbacheva (m. 1953 – 1999)
Children: Irina Mihailovna Virganskaya (Daughter)
Founded: Union of Social Democrats · Social Democratic Party of Russia · Club of Madrid · The Gorbachev Foundation · Green Cross International · Global Green USA · Kombat Armouring
Education: Moscow State University
Awards: Nobel Peace Prize (1990) · Ronald Reagan Freedom Award (1992) · Indira Gandhi Prize (1987) · Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children (2004) · Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold (1989) · Free Your Mind (2009) · Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1999)
Highlights
  • 1953: Mikhail Gorbachev married Raisa Gorbacheva on September 25, 1953; their marriage lasted 46 years till September 20, 1999.

  • 1983: In April 1983, Gorbachev delivered the annual Lenin’s birthday speech; this required him re-reading many of Lenin’s later writings, in which the first Soviet leader had called for reform, and encouraged Gorbachev’s own conviction that reform was needed.

  • 1985: Within three years of the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, following the brief “interregna” of Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected general secretary by the Politburo in 1985.

  • 1986: Gorbachev initiated his new policy of perestroika (literally “restructuring” in Russian) and its attendant radical reforms in 1986; they were sketched, but not fully spelled out, at the XXVIIth Party Congress in February–March 1986.

  • 1987: Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World written by Mikhail Gorbachev was first published on November 01, 1987.

  • 1990: On 15 March 1990, Gorbachev was elected as the first executive President of the Soviet Union with 59% of the Deputies’ votes.

President George H. W. Bush and President Mikhail Gorbachev sign United States/Soviet Union agreements to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks in the East Room of the White House, Washington, DC on the 1st of June 1990
President George H. W. Bush and President Mikhail Gorbachev sign United States/Soviet Union agreements to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks in the East Room of the White House, Washington, DC on the 1st of June 1990.
wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev
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(1991) Gorbachev steps down as Soviet president.
Also on this day,

336 | Earliest documented celebration of Christmas
“25 Dec.: natus Christus in Betleem Judeae.” Translation: “December 25, Christ born in Bethlehem, Judea.” This inscription will be found in an ancient list of Roman bishops and is the earliest recorded proof of a celebration of Christmas. The inaugural celebration takes place in Rome.
1914 | Christmas truce as enemies exchange Christmas greetings at front
After a week of an unofficial cease-fire, German soldiers in WWI emerge from trenches and walk toward the British line, calling out “Merry Christmas.” Once the Brits determine it’s not a trick, they climb out to greet their enemies. Men shake hands, exchange cigarettes, and even bury the dead.
1941 | Bing Crosby croons ‘Christmas’ as ‘White Christmas’ debuts on radio
During ‘The Kraft Music Hall’ broadcast on NBC radio, Bing Crosby sings a new composition by songwriter Irving Berlin. Crosby will record ‘White Christmas’ the following year for the film ‘Holiday Inn’ and again in 1947. Crosby’s ’47 recording of the secular holiday tune will sell more than 50 million copies, and earn all-time best-selling single status.

Today in History 12/25/17

Sculpture commemorating the 1914 Christmas truce during World War I in England (© Rui Vieira/AP)(1914) Enemies exchange Christmas greetings at front
After a week of an unofficial cease-fire, German soldiers in WWI emerge from trenches and walk toward the British line, calling out "Merry Christmas." Once the Brits determine it's not a trick, they climb out to greet their enemies. Men shake hands, exchange cigarettes, and even bury the dead.

The Christmas truce (German: Weihnachtsfrieden; French: Trêve de Noël) was a series of widespread but unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of World War I around Christmas 1914.

The Christmas truce occurred during the relatively early period of the war (month 5 of 51). Hostilities had entered somewhat of a lull as leadership on both sides reconsidered their strategies following the stalemate of the Race to the Sea and the indecisive result of the First Battle of Ypres. In the week leading up to the 25th, French, German, and British soldiers crossed trenches to exchange seasonal greetings and talk. In some areas, men from both sides ventured into no man's land on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day to mingle and exchange food and souvenirs. There were joint burial ceremonies and prisoner swaps, while several meetings ended in carol-singing. Men played games of football (soccer) with one another, giving one of the most memorable images of the truce. Peaceful behavior was not ubiquitous; fighting continued in some sectors, while in others the sides settled on little more than arrangements to recover bodies.

The following year, a few units arranged ceasefires but the truces were not nearly as widespread as in 1914; this was, in part, due to strongly worded orders from the high commands of both sides prohibiting fraternisation. Soldiers were no longer amenable to truce by 1916. The war had become increasingly bitter after devastating human losses suffered during the battles of the Somme and Verdun, and the use of poison gas.

The truces were not unique to the Christmas period, and reflected a growing mood of "live and let live", where infantry close together would stop overtly aggressive behavior and often engage in small-scale fraternisation, engaging in conversation or bartering for cigarettes. In some sectors, there would be occasional ceasefires to allow soldiers to go between the lines and recover wounded or dead comrades, while in others, there would be a tacit agreement not to shoot while men rested, exercised or worked in full view of the enemy. The Christmas truces were particularly significant due to the number of men involved and the level of their participation—even in very peaceful sectors, dozens of men openly congregating in daylight was remarkable—and are often seen as a symbolic moment of peace and humanity amidst one of the most violent events of human history.


Illustrated London News - Christmas Truce 1914
An artist's impression from The Illustrated London News of 9 January 1915: "British and German Soldiers Arm-in-Arm Exchanging Headgear: A Christmas Truce between Opposing Trenches"

wiki/Christmas_truce
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Posted in: History Tagged: 1914, 1941, 1991, 336, Bing Crosby, British, Christmas, Christmas Truce, German, history, Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Union, USSR, White Christmas, World War I

Today in History 11/25 (Iran-Contra Affair)

November 25, 2018 by GµårÐïåñ
President Ronald Reagan addressing the nation from The White House Oval Office in 1986 (© Diana Walker/Liaison Agency/Getty Images)(1986) Reagan confirms secret arms sale proceeds funded Contras
The US president reveals that up to $30 million from an Iran weapons deal went to rebel forces in Nicaragua, despite Congress’ ban on military aid to the group. President Reagan says he holds two men responsible — John Poindexter and Oliver North — and appoints a commission to investigate further.
The Iran–Contra affair, also referred to as Irangate, Contragate or the Iran–Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hoped to fund the Contras in Nicaragua while at the same time negotiating the release of several U.S. hostages. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.
Start date: Aug 20, 1985
End date: Mar 04, 1987

President Ronald Reagan with Caspar Weinberger, George Shultz, Ed Meese, and Don Regan discussing the President's remarks on the Iran-Contra affair, Oval Office
President Ronald Reagan with Caspar Weinberger, George Shultz, Ed Meese, and Don Regan discussing the President’s remarks on the Iran-Contra affair, Oval Office
wiki/Iran–Contra_affair
4.15.A18

(1986) Reagan confirms secret arms sale proceeds funded Contras.
Also on this day,

1783 | Last Redcoats leave NY as the British troops depart New York
Three months after the Revolutionary War ended, the last contingent of British troops sail away from New York to the jeers and cheers of local residents. General George Washington leads a triumphant march as he retakes the city that the British had occupied since 1776.
1947 | Studio executives agree to blacklist the ‘Hollywood 10’
Hollywood executives fire 10 writers and directors a day after they were held in contempt for refusing to testify before Congress about their alleged involvement with the Communist Party. The ‘Hollywood 10 are just the first of many in the film industry who will be blacklisted through the rest of the 1940s and ’50s.
1963 | John F. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery
President Kennedy is laid to rest three days after his assassination in Dallas. Thousands line the streets of Washington, DC, to watch Kennedy’s casket pass by on a horse-drawn caisson. During the solemn procession, Kennedy’s 3-year-old son John Jr. steps forward and salutes his father a final time.

Today in History 11/25/17

John F. Kennedy, Jr., salutes his father's casket during the funeral procession of President John F. Kennedy in Washington, DC, in 1963 (© Universal History Archive/Getty Images)(1963) John F. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery
President Kennedy is laid to rest three days after his assassination in Dallas. Thousands line the streets of Washington, DC, to watch Kennedy's casket pass by on a horse-drawn caisson. During the solemn procession, Kennedy's 3-year-old son John Jr. steps forward and salutes his father a final time.

The state funeral of John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, took place in Washington, D.C., during the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.

The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington soon after his death and was placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his flag-draped coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.

Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25. After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.


JFK's family leaves Capitol after his funeral, 1963
Robert Kennedy and Patricia Kennedy Lawford following Jacqueline Kennedy as she leaves the United States Capitol with John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Caroline Kennedy, after viewing John F. Kennedy lying in state.

wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy
4.6.n17


Posted in: History Tagged: 1783, 1947, 1963, 1986, Arlington National Cemetery, British, Communist Party, Contras, George Washington, history, Hollywood 10, Iran-Contra Affair, John F Kennedy, John Poindexter, New York, Oliver North, Revolutionary War, Ronald Reagan
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