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Major Mike

Knowledge is Power - Share the Power

1979

Today in History 12/15 (Sitting Bull)

December 15, 2018 by GµårÐïåñ
Portrait of Sitting Bull (© O.S. Goff/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)(1890) Sioux Chief Sitting Bull is killed by police
Indian agency police shoot the powerful holy man in the head and chest during a scuffle at his reservation cabin as they attempted to arrest him. Local authorities thought Sitting Bull was behind the growing Ghost Dance movement, which they feared would spark an Indian uprising.
Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.
Lived: 1831 – Dec 15, 1890
Height: 5′ 9″
Spouse: Snow-on-Her · Seen-by-her-Nation · Light Hair · Four Robes
Children: Crow Foot (Son) · Many Horses (Daughter)
Parents: Jumping Bull (Father) · Her-Holy-Door (Mother)
Siblings: Spotted Elk (Brother)
Highlights
  • 1874: Although Sitting Bull did not attack Custer’s expedition in 1874, the US government was increasingly pressured by citizens to open the Black Hills to mining and settlement.

  • 1875: In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne medicine man White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association.

  • 1876: About three weeks later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer’s battalion and seeming to bear out Sitting Bull’s prophetic vision.

  • 1881: On August 26, 1881, he was visited by census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader’s immediate family.

  • 1884: In 1884 show promoter Alvaren Allen asked Agent James McLaughlin to allow Sitting Bull to tour parts of Canada and the northern United States.

  • 1885: In 1885, Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to go Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.

Sitting Bull (Tatonka-I-Yatanka), a Hunkpapa Sioux, 1885
Sitting Bull, 1885
wiki/Sitting_Bull
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(1890) Sioux Chief Sitting Bull is killed by police.
Also on this day,

1791 | The Bill of Rights is ratified and becomes law
When Virginia ratifies the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, the Bill of Rights passes the threshold of state ratifications needed to make the amendments law, and the young nation now has codified the freedom of speech, press, and religion, among other bedrock rights of the American system.
1961 | Nazi SS officer Adolf Eichmann sentenced to die
As one of the main organizers of WWII’s Nazi Holocaust, which killed 6 million Jews as well as many others, the former SS officer is to be hanged for war crimes. After the war, Eichmann escaped a prison camp and fled to Argentina, a safe harbor for ex-Nazis. But on May 11, 1960, Mossad agents abducted him and smuggled him to Israel for trial.
1979 | Trivial Pursuit invented as two Canadian friends devise board game
When photo editor Chris Haney and reporter Scott Abbott sit down for a night of Scrabble, they find some tiles missing and so instead sketch out an idea for a game based on inconsequential facts, trivia. When Trivial Pursuit rolls out commercially, it will become one of the most successful board games ever.

Today in History 12/15/17

Painting of the signing of the US Constitution (© MPI/Getty Images)(1791) The Bill of Rights is ratified and becomes law
When Virginia ratifies the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, the Bill of Rights passes the threshold of state ratifications needed to make the amendments law, and the young nation now has codified the freedom of speech, press, and religion, among other bedrock rights of the American system.

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification.

On June 8, 1789, Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution, each consisting of one one-sentence paragraph, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is technically still pending before the states.

Although Madison's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states, the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government. The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s, following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments. The process is known as incorporation.

There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence. One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.


Bill of Rights Pg 1 of 1
The Bill of Rights, twelve articles of amendment to the to the United States Constitution proposed in 1789, ten of which, Articles three through twelve, became part of the United States Constitution in 1791. Note that the First Amendment is actually "Article the third" on the document, Second Amendment is "Article the fourth", and so on. "Article the second" is now the 27th Amendment. "Article the first" has not been ratified.

wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights
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Posted in: History Tagged: 1791, 1890, 1961, 1979, Adolf Eichmann, Bill of Rights, Chief Sitting Bull, Chris Haney, Ghost Dance, history, Nazi, Scott Abbott, Sioux, Trivial Pursuit, United States, US Constitution, World War II

Today in History 12/03 (John Backus)

December 3, 2018 by GµårÐïåñ
Computer scientist John Backus (courtesy of Wikipedia)(1924) Computer programming pioneer is born
John Warner Backus is born in Philadelphia. After getting a master’s degree in mathematics from Columbia University, he will lead the team at IBM that invents Fortran—one of the first widely used computer programming languages—and develop other significant advances and research.
John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented and implemented FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level programming language, and was the inventor of the Backus–Naur form, a widely used notation to define formal language syntax. He later did research into the function-level programming paradigm, presenting his findings in his influential 1977 Turing Award lecture “Can Programming Be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?”
Born: Dec 03, 1924 · Philadelphia, PA
Died: Mar 17, 2007 · Ashland, OR
Nationality: American
Inventions: Fortran · ALGOL · ALGOL 58 · Speedcoding · FP · FL
Education: Columbia University · University of Virginia · The Hill School
Awards: Turing Award (1977) · Charles Stark Draper Prize (1993) · National Medal of Science for Mathematics and Computer Science (1975)
Highlights
  • 1953: In 1953 Backus developed the language Speedcoding, the first high-level language created for an IBM computer, to aid in software development for the IBM 701 computer.

  • 1954: Programming was very difficult at this time, and in 1954 Backus assembled a team to define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704 computer.

  • 1967: The IEEE awarded Backus the W. W. McDowell Award in 1967 for the development of FORTRAN.

  • 1975: John Backus was awarded National Medal of Science for Mathematics and Computer Science in 1975.

  • 1977: John Backus was awarded Turing Award in 1977.

  • 2007: John Backus died on March 17, 2007 in Ashland, United States.

Punch card from a typical Fortran program
FORTRAN code on a punched card, showing the specialized uses of columns 1–5, 6 and 73–80
wiki/John_Backus
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(1924) Computer programming pioneer is born.
Also on this day,

1818 | Illinois becomes the 21st state in the US
What will be known as the Land of Lincoln, Illinois, joins the nation as the 21st state. Although it’s technically a slave-free state, slavery will be tolerated for many years in Illinois until the state Supreme Court gradually emancipates all people living in bondage.
1947 | ‘Streetcar’ opens in NYC as Brando screams, “Stella!” on Broadway and audiences rave
When the curtain falls on the first performance of Tennessee Williams’ play, ‘A Streetcar Named Desire,’ the audience applauds for half an hour. Epic performances will make Marlon Brando, who plays Stanley, an overnight star, and earn Jessica Tandy a Tony for her “incredibly true” portrayal of Blanche DuBois.
1979 | Who concert disaster as eleven people die in a stampede outside
Excitement turns deadly as thousands of fans push their way into the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati to see the British rock band the Who. Eleven people, mostly teenagers, are suffocated as the crowd crushes onto the concourse. The band won’t learn of the deaths until after the show.

Today in History 12/03/17

Illinois state flag (© Chris Mellor/Getty Images)(1818) Illinois becomes the 21st state in the US
What will be known as the Land of Lincoln, Illinois, joins the nation as the 21st state. Although it's technically a slave-free state, slavery will be tolerated for many years in Illinois until the state Supreme Court gradually emancipates all people living in bondage.
Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is the 5th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois Waterway. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Population: 12.80 million (2016)
Area: 57,915 sq miles (149,998 km²)
Governor: Bruce Rauner
Colleges and universities: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign · Illinois State University · University of Chicago · Northwestern University · University of Illinois at Chicago · Southern Illinois University Carbondale · Northern Illinois University · Western Illinois University · Wheaton College · Eureka College · Bradley University · Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Senators: Dick Durbin · Tammy Duckworth
Capital: Springfield

Illinois in United States
Map of the United States with Illinois highlighted

wiki/Illinois
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Posted in: History Tagged: 1818, 1924, 1947, 1979, A Streetcar Named Desire, Broadway, Columbia University, concert, disaster, Fortran, history, IBM, Illinois, John Warner Backus, Marlon Brando, Philadelphia, Riverfront Coliseum, United States, Who
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