1973

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Today in History 09/20/17

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Illustration of officials closing the doors of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) during the panic of 1873 (© Hulton Archive/Getty Images)(1873) Bonds and banks fail as a depression looms
Wall Street is in free fall in the wake of US railroad bonds defaulting and the biggest banks in the US failing, and the crisis will close the New York Stock Exchange for 10 days. A major worldwide economic collapse follows and will not let up in some countries for two decades.
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries. In Britain, for example, it started two decades of stagnation known as the “Long Depression” that weakened the country’s economic leadership. The Panic was known as the “Great Depression” until the events in the early 1930s set a new standard.
Start date: 1873
End date: 1879
Panic of 1873 bank run
A bank run on the Fourth National Bank No. 20 Nassau Street, New York City, from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 4 October 1873

wiki/Panic_of_1873
Billie Jean King shakes hands with retired tennis champion Bobby Riggs after defeating him in a 'Battle of the Sexes' match (© Bettmann/Corbis)(1973) No love lost in tennis battle of the sexes
Having bested Margaret Court months earlier, former Wimbledon champ Bobby Riggs, 55, meets women’s tennis superstar Billie Jean King, 29, in what the media dub “the battle of the sexes.” Riggs’ dream of proving male athletic superiority is smashed when King handily wins the match in front of spectators and millions of TV viewers.
In tennis, “Battle of the Sexes” is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman. Most famously, the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973, held at the Houston Astrodome, between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King, which King won in three sets. The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world; King’s win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women’s tennis.
First occurred: May 13, 1973

wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_(tennis)
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Today in History 06/09/17

The Emperor Nero commits suicide with his own sword after the Roman army overruns the city ( © Hulton Archive/Getty Images)(68 CE) Emperor Nero commits suicide
Rome’s Julio-Claudian dynasty comes to an abrupt end as Emperor Nero, 30, commits suicide. After noblemen revolt at Nero’s tax policies, and he mistakenly believes the Roman Senate is sending troops to kill him, he takes his own life with the assistance of his personal secretary.
Nero was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68 AD, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and like him, became emperor with the consent of the praetorian guard. Nero’s mother, Agrippina the Younger, was implicated in Claudius’ death and Nero’s nomination as emperor. She dominated Nero’s early life and decisions until he cast her off; five years into his reign, he had her murdered.
Born: 37 AD · Anzio, Italy
Died: 68 AD · Rome, Italy
Spouse: Sporus (m. 67 AD – 68 AD) · Statilia Messalina (m. 66 AD – 68 AD) · Poppaea Sabina (m. 62 AD – 66 AD) · Claudia Octavia (m. 53 AD – 62 AD)
Siblings: Domitia Lepida the Younger (Sister)
Children: Claudia Augusta (Daughter)
Parents: Agrippina the Younger (Mother) · Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (Father)
Highlights
  • 49 AD: In 49 AD, Claudius was married for a fourth time, to Nero’s mother Agrippina, despite her being his niece.

  • 53 AD: Nero married Claudia Octavia in 53; their marriage lasted 9 years till January 01, 0001.

  • 62 AD: Nero married Poppaea Sabina in 62; their marriage lasted 4 years till 66.

  • 65 AD: She was already married when she became Nero’s mistress in 65 AD, with Statilia’s husband being driven to suicide in 66, so Nero could marry Statilia.

  • 66 AD: Nero married Statilia Messalina in 66.

  • 67 AD: Nero married Sporus in 67.

wiki/Nero
Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej on May 5, 2015 (© REX Features)(1946) An astonishingly long reign begins
After King Mahidol dies of gunshot wounds, his brother Bhumibol Adulyadej is the King of Siam, which will be renamed Thailand three years later. Bhumibol, a Massachusetts native, will reign for more than 60 years and amass great wealth, putting him on the list of world’s richest royals.
Bhumibol Adulyadej, conferred with the title King Bhumibol the Great in 1987, was the ninth monarch of Thailand from the Chakri dynasty as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he was, at the time of his death, the world’s longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history, serving for 70 years, 126 days. During his reign, he was served by a total of 30 prime ministers beginning with Pridi Banomyong and ending with Prayut Chan-o-cha.
Lived: Dec 05, 1927 – Oct 13, 2016 (age 88)
Height: 5′ 5″ (1.65 m)
Spouse: Sirikit (m. 1950 – 2016)
Children: Vajiralongkorn (Son) · Ubolratana Rajakanya Sirivadhana Phannavadi (Daughter) · Sirindhorn (Daughter) · Chulabhorn (Daughter)
Education: University of Lausanne · Mater Dei School · École nouvelle de la Suisse romande
Previous office: King of Thailand (1946 – 2016)
Highlights
  • 1946: Bhumibol ascended the throne following the death by gunshot wound of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, on 9 June 1946, under circumstances that remain unclear.

  • 1950: Bhumibol Adulyadej married Sirikit on April 28, 1950.

  • 1950: After presiding over the long-delayed, ceremonial cremation of his brother Ananda Mahidol, Bhumibol was crowned King of Thailand on 5 May 1950 in the Baisal Daksin Throne Hall in the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

  • 2006: Finally in February 2006 the Audit Commission reinstated Jaruvan when it became clear from a memo from the Office of the King’s Principal Private Secretary that King Bhumibol supported her appointment.

  • 2009: On 20 April 2009, Thaksin claimed in an interview with the Financial Times that Bhumibol had been briefed by Privy Councillors Prem Tinsulanonda and Surayud Chulanont about their plans to stage the 2006 coup.

  • 2016: After 2006, Bhumibol suffered declining health and spent extended periods at Siriraj Hospital, where he died on 13 October 2016.

wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej
Army counsel Joseph Welch during the McCarthy-Army hearing, when Welch engaged in a bitter verbal battle with Sen. Joseph McCarthy on June 9, 1954 in Washington (© AP Photo)(1954) Has the red-scare ringleader ‘no sense of decency’?
Wisconsin Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy’s relentless vendetta against supposed communist infiltration in the government and show biz enters a new stage of absurdity at hearings targeting the US Army. McCarthy’s groundless insinuations incite Joseph Welch, an Army lawyer, to utter his famous reproach.
Joseph Nye Welch was the chief counsel for the United States Army while it was under investigation for Communist activities by Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, an investigation known as the Army–McCarthy hearings. His confrontation with McCarthy during the hearings, in which he famously asked McCarthy “At long last, have you left no sense of decency?” is seen as a turning point in the history of McCarthyism.
Lived: Oct 22, 1890 – Oct 06, 1960 (age 69)
Spouse: Agnes Rodgers Brown (m. 1957 – 1960) · Judith Lyndon (m. 1917 – 1956)
Education: Harvard Law School · Grinnell College
Parents: William Welch (Father) · Martha Thyer (Mother)
Children: Joe Welch (Son) · Lyndon Welch (Son)
Nominations: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (1960) · BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles (1960)

wiki/Joseph_N._Welch
Jockey Ron Turcotte rides Secretariat to win the Triple Crown at the Belmont Stakes on June 9, 1973 in Elmont, New York (© Focus On Sport/Getty Images)(1973) ‘Big Red’ wins the first Triple Crown in 25 years
A chestnut colt runs the Belmont Stakes in record time and this victory, together with previous wins at the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, give Secretariat the first US Triple Crown in a quarter century. ESPN will later rank the thoroughbred the 35th best athlete of the 20th-century.
Secretariat was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. His record-breaking win in the Belmont Stakes, where he left the field 31 lengths behind him, is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o’ War, who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname “Big Red”.
Lived: Mar 30, 1970 · Oct 04, 1989
Height: 5′ 6″ (1.68 m)
Weight: 1,199 pound (544 kg)
Parents: Bold Ruler · Somethingroyal
Competition won: 1973 Belmont Stakes
Children: Risen Star · Terlingua · Weekend Surprise · Lady’s Secret

wiki/Secretariat_(horse)
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Today in History 04/03/17

Portrait of assassin Robert 'Bob' Ford (1861 - 1892) showing off the revolver he used to kill outlaw Jesse James in 1882, mid 1880s (© Authenticated News/Getty Images)(1882) Robert Ford shoots and kills Jesse James
Outlaw Jesse James is brought down by a member of his own gang, 20-year-old Robert Ford. Although James had been a notorious criminal, public sentiment will turn against Ford for shooting an unarmed man in the back of the head.
Robert Newton “Bob” Ford was an American outlaw best known for killing his gang leader Jesse James in April 1882, to collect a reward. For about a year, Ford and his older brother Charles performed paid re-enactments of the killing at publicity events. Later he drifted around the West, operating saloons and dance halls.
Born: Jan 31, 1862 · Ray County, MO
Died: Jun 08, 1892 · Creede, CO
Siblings: Charles Ford (Brother)
Related movies: The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
Children: Maude Mae Powell (Daughter) · Odie Watson (Daughter)
Parents: James Thomas · Mary Bruin Ford
Highlights
  • 1881: Ford’s brother Charles is believed to have taken part in the James gang’s Blue Cut train robbery in Jackson County, west of Glendale, Missouri (renamed Selsa and now part of Independence), on September 7, 1881.

  • 1881: In November 1881, after the train robbery, James moved his family to St. Joseph, Missouri and intended to give up crime.

  • 1889: On December 26, 1889, Ford survived an assassination attempt in Kansas City, Kansas when an assailant tried to slit his throat.

  • 1892: Ford purchased a lot and on May 29, 1892 opened Ford’s Exchange, said to have been a dance hall.

  • 1892: Three days after the fire, on June 8, 1892, Edward O’Kelley entered Ford’s tent saloon with a shotgun.

  • 1892: Robert Ford died on June 08, 1892 in Creede, United States.

wiki/Robert_Ford_(outlaw)
Oscar WiIde circa 1890 (© Print Collector/Getty Images)(1895) Trial of Oscar Wilde begins
Brilliantly witty and notoriously unconventional, writer Oscar Wilde has brought libel charges against the father of a friend, who had publicly accused Wilde of committing the crime of sodomy. The trial will be Wilde’s undoing, exposing his scandalous private life, and ending in a prison term.
Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London’s most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death.
Lived: Oct 16, 1854 – Nov 30, 1900 (age 46)
Height: 6′ 3″ (1.91 m)
Partner: Lord Alfred Douglas (1897 – 1898)
Spouse: Constance Lloyd (m. 1884 – 1898)
Children: Vyvyan Holland (Son) · Cyril Holland (Son)
Awards: Retro Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (1946)
Highlights
  • 1884: He proposed to her, and they married on 29 May 1884 at the Anglican St James’s Church, Paddington in London.

  • 1889: In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in The Nineteenth Century, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, in The Fortnightly Review, edited by Wilde’s friend Frank Harris.

  • 1891: In mid-1891 Lionel Johnson introduced Wilde to Lord Alfred Douglas, an undergraduate at Oxford at the time.

  • 1895: Wilde’s friends had advised him against the prosecution at a Saturday Review meeting at the Café Royal on 24 March 1895; Frank Harris warned him that “they are going to prove sodomy against you” and advised him to flee to France.

  • 1895: On 25 May 1895 Wilde and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years’ hard labour.

  • 1900: Wilde died of cerebral meningitis on 30 November 1900.

wiki/Oscar_Wilde
President Harry Truman signs the history-making foreign aid bill known as the Marshall Plan into law at a White House ceremony in Washington on April 3, 1948 (©AP)(1948) Marshall Plan is approved for a post-WWII Europe
President Harry Truman pledges billions of dollars in US aid to a Europe reeling from the massive destruction of World War II. The Marshall Plan is both a humanitarian effort and a shrewd political move against Soviet expansion.

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (approximately $120 billion in current dollar value as of June 2016) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning April 8, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.

The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 26% of the total), followed by France (18%) and West Germany (11%). Some 18 European countries received Plan benefits. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as East Germany and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not called “Marshall Plan”.

The initiative is named after Secretary of State George Marshall, who also served as the United States Army Chief of staff during WWII. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after WWII as well as to antagonize the Soviet Union. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic plan, known as the Molotov Plan. It was not as effective as the Marshall Plan, and in some ways contradictory to eastern block countries that served alongside the axis powers in WWII.

The phrase “equivalent of the Marshall Plan” is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program.


US Marshal Plan Aid Logo

wiki/Marshall_Plan
John F. Mitchell (left) and Martin Cooper with prototype Motorola DynaTAC cellular phone, 1973 (© Motorola Mobility LLC, Legacy Archives Collection, Schaumburg, Ill.)(1973) First public mobile phone call is made
Motorola engineer Martin Cooper stands on a sidewalk in midtown Manhattan and uses a prototype handheld mobile phone to call his team’s main competitor in the field, Bell Labs’ Joel Engel. The first handheld cell phone is nicknamed ‘the brick.’
Martin “Marty” Cooper is an American engineer. He is a pioneer and visionary in the wireless communications industry. With eleven patents in the field, he is recognized as an innovator in radio spectrum management.
Website: www.dynallc.com
Born: Dec 26, 1928 (age 88) · Chicago, IL
Net worth: $100 million USD (2016)
Spouse: Arlene Harris (m. 1991)
Inventions: Mobile phone
Founded: ArrayComm
Education: Illinois Institute of Technology
Highlights
  • 1967: He developed many products including the first cellular-like portable handheld police radio system, produced for the Chicago police department in 1967.

  • 1973: Here he conceived of the first portable cellular phone in 1973 and led the 10-year process of bringing it to market.

  • 1986: In 1986, Cooper sold CBSI to Cincinnati Bell (now Convergys) for $23 million.

  • 1986: Cooper and his wife Arlene Harris founded Dyna LLC in 1986 as a home base for their various developmental and support activities surrounding the incubation of new ideas and new companies.

  • 1986: In 1986 Cooper co-founded Cellular Payphone Inc. (CPPI), the parent company of GreatCall, Inc. – Innovator of the Jitterbug cell phone (in partnership with Samsung).

  • 1991: Martin Cooper married Arlene Harris in 1991.

wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)
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Today in History 03/29/17

Ulysses S. Grant, circa 1860s (© Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage Images/Getty Images)(1865) American Civil War’s last campaign begins
General Ulysses S. Grant sends 12,000 Union troops to outflank Robert E. Lee’s Confederate forces and block their possible withdrawal from Petersburg, Virginia. A series of Union victories will follow and Lee will surrender his army 10 days later at Appomattox.
The Appomattox Campaign was a series of American Civil War battles fought March 29 – April 9, 1865 in Virginia that concluded with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to the Union Army under the overall command of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. In the following eleven weeks after Lee’s surrender, the American Civil War ended as other Confederate armies surrendered and Confederate government leaders were captured or fled the country.
Start date: Mar 29, 1865
End date: Apr 09, 1865

wiki/Appomattox_Campaign
George Metesky, aka the 'Mad Bomber,' looks through the bars of his cell at the Waterbury, Connecticut, police station in 1957 (© Judd Mehlman/NY Daily News Archive/Getty Images)(1951) New York City’s ‘Mad Bomber’ strikes again
Grand Central Station commuters witness the explosion of a homemade bomb. Authorities will later tie this terrorism to the so-called Mad Bomber after five more explosives are detonated throughout the city in the coming months.
George Peter Metesky, better known as the Mad Bomber, terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries, and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers, and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, and in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside.
Born: Nov 02, 1903 · Connecticut, United States
Died: May 23, 1994 · Waterbury, CT
Highlights
  • 1040: He planted his first bomb on November 16, 1940, leaving it on a window sill at the Consolidated Edison power plant at 170 West 64th Street in Manhattan.

  • 1951: His first two bombs drew little attention, but the string of random bombings that began in 1951 frayed the city’s nerves and taxed the resources of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).

  • 1957: Accompanied by Waterbury police, four NYPD detectives arrived at Metesky’s home with a search warrant shortly before midnight on Monday, January 21, 1957.

  • 1957: On April 18, 1957, Judge Liebowitz committed Metesky to the Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane at Beacon, New York.

  • 1973: In 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a mentally ill defendant cannot be committed to a hospital operated by the New York State Department of Correctional Services unless a jury finds him dangerous.

  • 1994: George Metesky died on May 23, 1994 in Waterbury, United States.

wiki/George_Metesky
A member of the Joint Military Commission counts US troops in March 1973 as they board a plane in Saigon as part of the US withdrawal under the Paris Peace Accords (© Neal Ulevich/AP)(1973) US forces withdraw from Vietnam
After almost a decade of combat, with more than 50,000 Americans dead and over 300,000 wounded, the last US fighting forces leave South Vietnam in agreement with the Paris Peace Accords. The war itself will continue for another two years, until the Fall of Saigon.
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war.
Start date: Nov 01, 1955
End date: Apr 30, 1975

wiki/Vietnam_War
Terracotta army warriors at the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang in Xi'an, China (© Tim Graham/Getty Images)(1974) Farmers uncover ancient ‘Terracotta Army’
While digging a well in China’s Shaanxi province, farmers discover the burial site of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, from 210–209 BCE. Excavators will discover an estimated 8,000 life-size clay soldiers, and hundreds of horses and chariots, meant for protection in the afterlife.
The Terracotta Army is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.
wiki/Terracotta_Army
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Today in History 02/27/17

Harry 'Breaker' Harbord Morant, circa 1900 (Via Wikimedia Commons)(1902) Australian lieutenants in Boer War executed
Australian lieutenants Harry ‘The Breaker’ Morant and Peter Handcock are executed for war crimes during the Second Boer War. Later, court records will disappear and lead to suspicion of a British cover-up.
The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa: the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was further supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India, and New Zealand. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain. Inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War.
Start date: Oct 11, 1899
End date: May 31, 1902

wiki/Second_Boer_War
Photo of The Duomo, Cathedral, and The Leaning Tower Of Pisa in Italy, taken in 1969 (© MyLoupe/UIG Via Getty Images)(1964) Italy requests help to keep Pisa’s tower from toppling
A cathedral’s 791-year-old bell tower in the Italian city of Pisa, always a little askew, is now in real danger of collapsing completely. Italy puts out a call for a straight solution.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt.
Phone: 050 835011
Opened: 1372
Floors: 7
Height: 183 feet (55.86 m) (Architectural)
Architectural style: Romanesque architecture

wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa
Oscar Bear Runner stands guard as members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) set up a tepee south of Wounded Knee, SD, during the standoff between AIM and federal authorities in 1973 (© AP)(1973) The occupation of Wounded Knee begins
Sparked by a combination of tribal corruption and the US government’s mishandling of treaties, members of the American Indian Movement, and about 200 Oglala Lakota seize and occupy Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Law enforcement agencies will cordon off the area, and the occupation will last until May.
The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The protest followed the failure of an effort of the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization to impeach tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protesters criticized the United States government’s failure to fulfill treaties with Native American people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations.
Start date: Feb 27, 1973
End date: May 08, 1973

wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident
A policeman looks over a burnt coach and belongings of Hindu activists at Godhra station in Godhra, India, on Feb 28, 2002 (© Sebastian D'Souza/AFP/Getty Images)(2002) Hindu pilgrims die in burning train
A train returning from the disputed holy site of Ayodhya erupts in flames outside Godhra station in Uttar Pradesh, India, killing 56 Hindu pilgrims. A six-year investigation into the incident will conclude that the fire was started deliberately by a Muslim mob, though decisive evidence will prove elusive.
The Godhra train burning was an incident that occurred on the morning of 27 February 2002, in which 59 people died in a fire inside the Sabarmati Express train near the Godhra railway station in the Indian state of Gujarat. The victims included Hindu pilgrims who were returning from the city of Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the disputed Babri Masjid site. The commission set up by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1,000 to 2,000 people. A commission appointed by the central government, whose appointment was later held to be unconstitutional, stated that the fire had been an accident. A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime, although the actual causes of the fire have yet to be proven conclusively.
Date: Feb 27, 2002

wiki/Godhra_train_burning
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