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Today in History 06/17/17

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Painting of Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (© Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)(1462) The Night Attack unleashes Vlad the Impaler’s fury
A conflict over Prince Vlad III’s refusal to pay taxes to Sultan Mehmed II results in a bloody nighttime raid by the Wallachian prince and his forces on the Ottoman sultan’s armed camp. The Night Attack ends in victory for the Wallachians, but Vlad Dracula’s goal of assassinating the sultan goes unmet.
The Night Attack of Târgoviște was a battle fought between forces of Vlad III the Impaler of Wallachia and Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on Thursday, June 17, 1462.
Date: Jun 17, 1462

wiki/The_Night_Attack
Taj Mahal, Agra, India (© Jan Cobb Photography Ltd/Getty Images)(1631) Mughal Empress Mumtaz Mahal dies
Empress Mumtaz Mahal, beloved wife of India’s Mughal emperor, dies while giving birth to the couple’s fourteenth child. Her husband’s grief will lead to 21 years of construction on the Taj Mahal, a domed marble mausoleum for his wife’s tomb and one of the architectural wonders of the world.
Mumtaz Mahal was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 19 January 1628 to 17 June 1631 and was the chief consort of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The UNESCO World Heritage Site, Taj Mahal in Agra, often cited as one of the Wonders of the World, was commissioned by her husband to act as her final resting place.
Lived: Apr 27, 1593 – Jun 17, 1631 (age 38)
Spouse: Shah Jahan (m. 1612 – 1631)
Buried: Taj Mahal
Children: Aurangzeb (Son) · Dara Shikoh (Son) · Jahanara Begum (Daughter) · Murad Bakhsh (Son) · Shah Shuja (Son) · Gauharara Begum (Daughter) · Roshanara Begum (Daughter) · Huralnissa Begum (Daughter) · Sultan Daulat Afza (Son) · Husnara Begum (Daughter) · Sultan Ummid Baksh (Son) · Sultan Luftallah (Son) · Surayya Banu Begum (Daughter)
Parents: Abul-Hasan ibn Mirza Ghiyas Beg (Father)
Siblings: Shaista Khan (Brother)
Highlights
  • 1593: Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum on 27 April 1593 in Agra to Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan and his wife Diwanji Begum, the daughter of a Persian noble, Khwaja Ghias-ud-din of Qazvin.

  • 1607: Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan on 30 January 1607, when she was 13 years old at the time and he was 15.

  • 1612: She was married at the age of 19 on 30 April 1612 to Prince Khurram, later known by his regnal name, Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the title “Mumtaz Mahal”.

  • 1612: Mumtaz Mahal married Shah Jahan on May 10, 1612.

  • 1631: Mumtaz Mahal died in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631 while giving birth to her fourteenth child.

wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal
Engraving depicting French missionary and explorer Jacques Marquette, sailing in a canoe with Native Americans and Louis Joliet, on the Mississippi river (© Archive Photos/Getty Images)(1673) Two mapmakers meet the mighty Mississippi
Frenchman Jacques Marquette and French-Canadian Louis Jolliet set their canoes down on the river Native Americans called the “Mesipi,” near what will be Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. These early European explorers will map the huge waterway’s course to within 435 miles of the Gulf of Mexico.
Louis Jolliet Louis Jolliet was a French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first non-Natives to explore and map the Mississippi River in 1673.
Born: Sep 21, 1645 · Quebec City, Canada
Died: 1700
Romance: Claire-Françoise Bissot
Parents: Marie d’Abancourt (Mother) · Geoffroy Guillot dit Lavallée (Father) · Jean Joliet ou Jolliet
Children: Charles Joillet (Son) · Marie-Geneviève Joliet (Daughter) · Marie-Genevieve Grignon (Daughter) · Francois Joillet (Son) · Jean-Baptiste Joillet (Son) · François Joliet (Son) · Claire-Catherine Joillet (Daughter) · Louis Joillet (Son) · Jean-Baptiste Jolliet (Son) · Charles Jolliet-d’Anticosti (Son) · Louis Joliet, fils (Son) · Charles Marie Joliet · Anne Jolliet
Highlights
  • 1673: Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first non-Natives to explore and map the Mississippi River in 1673.

  • 1673: On May 17, 1673, Jolliet and Marquette departed from St. Ignace Michigan with two canoes and five other voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (today’s Métis).

  • 1680: In 1680, Jolliet was granted the Island of Antwhere where he created a fort and maintained soldiers.

  • 1694: In 1694, he sailed from the Gulf of St. Lawrence north along the coast of Labrador as far north as Zoar, a voyage of five and a half months.

  • 1700: Louis Jolliet died in 1700.

wiki/Louis_Jolliet
Jacques Marquette Father Jacques Marquette S.J., sometimes known as Père Marquette or James Marquette, was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan’s first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.
Born: Jun 01, 1637 · Laon, France
Died: May 18, 1675 · Ludington, MI
Parents: Rose de La Salle (Mother) · Nicolas Marquette (Father)
Written works: Voyages
Highlights
  • 1637: Jacques Marquette was born at Laon, France, on June 1, 1637, and joined the Society of Jesus at age 17.

  • 1666: After he worked and taught in France for several years, the Jesuits assigned him to New France in 1666 as a missionary to the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

  • 1668: In 1668 Father Marquette was moved by his superiors to missions farther up the St. Lawrence River in the western Great Lakes region.

  • 1673: Leave was granted, and in 1673 Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer.

  • 1674: On the return trip to St. Ignace, he died at age 37 near the modern town of Ludington, Michigan.

  • 1675: Jacques Marquette died on May 18, 1675 in Ludington, United States.

wiki/Jacques_Marquette
The Watergate office complex in Washington, DC, in 1972, the year a break-in occurred at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the building (© Archive Photos/Getty Images)(1972) Break-in at the Watergate Hotel ends in arrests
Five men, including US President Richard Nixon’s security chief, are arrested after breaking into the Democratic National Committee’s headquarters at the Watergate Complex in Washington, DC. What Nixon’s press secretary later dubs a ‘third-rate burglary’ will be the undoing of a presidency.
Watergate was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s, following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972, and President Richard Nixon’s administration’s attempted cover-up of its involvement. When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U.S. Congress, the Nixon administration’s resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis.
Date: Jun 17, 1972

wiki/Watergate_scandal
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Today in History 06/15/17

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King John of England signs the Magna Carta at Runnymede near Windsor, in an artwork engraved by Davenport and drawn by T. H. Jones (© Rischgitz/Getty Images)(1215) King John concedes absolute power and puts it in writing
Absolute monarchical power comes to an end when a beleaguered King John formally agrees to respect the feudal privileges of England’s nobility. Belief that this Magna Carta strengthens individual liberty will greatly influence the American Constitution and the development of modern democracies.
Magna Carta Libertatum, commonly called Magna Carta, is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons’ War. After John’s death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes; his son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England’s statute law.
Magna Carta (British Library Cotton MS Augustus II.106)

wiki/Magna_Carta
The English Camp of the Pig War, San Juan Island, Washington State (© Norman Barrett/Alamy)(1859) Two world powers send military forces to solve pig problem
One pig is shot but no people perish in a conflict that proves the necessity of precisely worded territorial treaties. The Pig War begins between British Canada and the US near the San Juan Islands when an ostensibly British-Canadian pig is found rooting for tubers on a supposedly American farm.
The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and Great Britain over the Canada–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island and the mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.
Date: 1859
PigWar Boundaries

wiki/Pig_War_(1859)
Time-lapse photographs by Edweard Muybridge of a man riding a galloping horse (© ullstein bild/Getty Images)(1878) Dawn of the movies as Muybridge stops time with his camera
Leland Stanford is fairly certain that when a horse gallops there is a moment when all four of its legs leave the ground. He hires photographer Eadweard Muybridge who takes pioneering stop-motion photographs, proving that horses can indeed become airborne for a split second, and the innovative images will mark the dawn of motion pictures.
Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name.
Born: Apr 09, 1830 · Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
Died: May 08, 1904 · Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
Spouse: Flora Shallcross Stone (m. 1872 – 1875)
Inventions: Film
Children: Florado Helios Muybridge (Son)
Parents: Susan Muggeridge (Mother) · John Muggeridge
Highlights
  • 1872: In 1872, Muybridge married 21-year-old Flora Shallcross Stone.

  • 1874: In 1874, Muybridge discovered that a drama critic known as Major Harry Larkyns might have fathered Flora’s seven-month-old son Florado.

  • 1875: While travelling on a photography expedition in the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America in 1875, the photographer advertised his works under the name “Eduardo Santiago Muybridge” in Guatemala.

  • 1877: Today, Muybridge is known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878, which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography.

  • 1878: In 1878, Muybridge made a famous 13-part 360° photographic panorama of San Francisco, to be presented to the wife of Leland Stanford.

  • 1904: Muybridge died on 8 May 1904 in Kingston upon Thames of prostate cancer at the home of his cousin Catherine Smith.

wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge
Ulrike Meinhof in the editorial office of the political magazine 'Konkret,' circa 1960 (© Max Ehlert/ullstein bild/Getty Images)(1972) Infamous German radical arrested
Former journalist Ulrike Meinhof is caught by police two years after helping form the Red Army Faction, a violent leftist organization considered a terrorist group. Her subsequent murder trial and the controversy surrounding her apparent jail-cell suicide will transfix Europe.
Ulrike Marie Meinhof was a German left-wing militant. She co-founded the Red Army Faction in 1970, after having worked as a journalist for the monthly left-wing magazine konkret. She was arrested in 1972, charged with numerous murders and the formation of a criminal association. In 1976, before the trial concluded, Meinhof was found hanged in her prison cell.
Born: Oct 07, 1934 · Oldenburg, Germany Died: May 09, 1976 · Stuttgart, Germany Founded: Red Army Faction Movies: Children of the Revolution Parents: Werner Meinhof (Father)
Highlights
  • 1936: In 1936, her family moved to Jena when her father, art historian Dr. Werner Meinhof, became director of the city’s museum.

  • 1940: Her father died of cancer in 1940, causing her mother to take in a boarder, Renate Riemeck, to make money.

  • 1958: In 1958, she spent a short time on the AStA (German: Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss, or General Committee of Students) of the university and wrote articles for various student newspapers.

  • 1961: In 1961, she married the co-founder and publisher of konkret, Klaus Rainer Röhl.

  • 1970: She co-founded the Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) in 1970 after having previously worked as a journalist for the monthly left-wing magazine konkret.

  • 1972: In December 1972, Meinhof, who was awaiting trial, was called to testify at Horst Mahler’s trial where Mahler questioned her about the statement of support the two had issued for the September 1972 massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics.

wiki/Ulrike_Meinhof
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Today in History 05/15/17

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Illustration of Diego Marín Aguilera (Public Domain Via Wikimedia Commons)(1793) Spanish inventor glides over the countryside on wings
On a moonlit night, Diego Marín Aguilera flies on his invention made of iron, wood, and a myriad of feathers. He soars some 500 yards over Coruña del Conde, Spain, before landing. Others see his glider as heretical and they will burn it, ending Aguilera’s budding career in aviation.
Diego Marín Aguilera was a Spanish inventor who was an early aviation pioneer. Born in Coruña del Conde, Marín became the head of his household after his father died and had to take care of his seven siblings. He worked as an agricultural laborer, tending his animals and fields. Marín spent long afternoons and days herding sheep in the surrounding fields.
Born: 1757
Died: 1799

wiki/Diego_Marín_Aguilera
Mickey Mouse in 'Plane Crazy,' 1928 (© Walt Disney Pictures/Ronald Grant Archive/Alamy)(1928) A mouse named Mickey makes his debut
Screened before a test audience, a silent short animated film made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks fails to find a movie distributor. The lead character of ‘Plane Crazy,’ Mickey Mouse, won’t be fated to obscurity however, as his second outing, ‘Steamboat Willie,’ makes a big splash.
Inspired by Lindbergh’s flight from New York to Paris, Mickey builds a plane to take Minnie for a trip involving some necking, though Minnie objects to the necking.
Release date: May 15, 1928 (United States)
Directors: Walt Disney · Ub Iwerks
Estimated budget: $3,528 USD
Music by: Carl Stalling
IMDB: www.imdb.com/title/tt0019278

wiki/Plane_Crazy
Alabama Governor George Wallace and his wife, Cornelia, hold up newspaper with headline 'Wallace wins in Maryland, Michigan, Democratic Presidential primaries.' May 17, 1972 (© Everett Collection/REX)(1972) Assassination attempt fells US presidential candidate
Arthur Bremer shoots Alabama governor and US presidential hopeful George Wallace as he campaigns at a Maryland shopping center. Wallace survives the assassination attempt, but will be paralyzed from the waist down the rest of his life.
George Corley Wallace Jr. was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms as a Democrat: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987. Wallace has the third longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history, at 16 years and four days. He was a U.S. Presidential candidate for four consecutive elections, in which he sought the Democratic Party nomination in 1964, 1972, and 1976, and was the American Independent Party candidate in the 1968 presidential election. He remains the last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state.
Lived: Aug 25, 1919 – Sep 13, 1998 (age 79)
Height: 5′ 7″ (1.70 m)
Parties: Dixiecrat · Democratic Party
Education: University of Alabama · University of Alabama School of Law
Related movies: Selma
Previous offices: Governor of Alabama (1983 – 1987) · Governor of Alabama (1971 – 1979) · Governor of Alabama (1963 – 1967)
Highlights
  • 1943: George Wallace married Lurleen Wallace on May 21, 1943; their marriage lasted 25 years till May 07, 1968.

  • 1963: Wallace took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America.

  • 1966: He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in Idaho denied renomination in 1966 to Governor Robert E. Smylie, author of the article entitled “Why I Feel Sorry for Lurleen Wallace.”

  • 1971: On January 4, 1971, Wallace wed the former Cornelia Ellis Snively (1939–2009), a niece of former Alabama Governor Jim Folsom, known as “Big Jim”.

  • 1982: In the 1982 Alabama gubernatorial Democratic primary, Wallace’s main opponents were Lieutenant Governor George McMillan and Alabama House Speaker Joe McCorquodale.

  • 1998: Wallace died of septic shock from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery on September 13, 1998.

wiki/George_Wallace
Hip hop artists Run-D.M.C. (© Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)(1986) Run-D.M.C. breaks through
The hip-hop group releases its third album, which includes a collaboration with Aerosmith on a new version of the band’s hit ‘Walk This Way.’ ‘Raising Hell’ will expand rap’s popularity to MTV and a broader audience, selling more than 3 million copies.
Raising Hell is the third studio album by hip hop group Run–D.M.C.. The breakthrough album trumped standing perceptions of commercial viability for hip-hop groups, achieving triple-platinum status and receiving critical attention from quarters that had previously ignored hip hop, dismissing it as a fad.
Release year: 1986
Genre: Hip Hop, Old School Hip Hop
Label: Arista
Artist: Run-D.M.C.

wiki/Raising_Hell_(album)
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Today in History 03/22/17

Miniature painting from an 18th century manuscript depicting Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan on the Peacock Throne (© British Library/Robana/REX)(1739) India’s ‘Peacock Throne’ stolen from Delhi
Said to cost more than the Taj Mahal, the Mughal emperor’s Peacock Throne is stolen by invading Persian forces. Incalculably valuable and made of solid gold, precious gemstones, and rare pearls, it will be lost ever since.
The Peacock Throne was a famous jeweled throne that was the seat of the Mughal emperors of India. It was commissioned in the early 17th century by emperor Shah Jahan and was located in the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audiences) in the Red Fort of Delhi. The original throne was subsequently captured and taken as a war trophy in 1739 by the Persian king Nadir Shah, and has been lost ever since. A replacement throne based on the original was commissioned afterwards and existed until the Indian war of Independence in 1857.
wiki/Peacock_Throne
Still from the movie 'Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory,' made by the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere in 1895 (© Hulton Archive/Getty Images)(1895) First screening of a projected movie
Cinema is born in Paris, as 200 invited guests watch ‘Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory,’ a one-minute film made by Auguste and Louis Lumière with their new creation, the cinematograph film camera. The film, probably the first real motion picture ever made, is shown together with several short clips, one of which startles the audience with the image of an oncoming train.
A man opens the big gates to the Lumière factory. Through the gateway and a smaller doorway beside it, workers are streaming out, turning either left or right. Most of them are women in long dresses and big hats, but some are men. Suddenly a man with a long apron rushes out through the crowd, followed by a big dog. At last some men on bikes leave the gateway. When all workers have left the factory, the doorkeeper starts closing the gates again.
Release date: Mar 22, 1895 (France)
Director: Louis Lumière

wiki/Workers_Leaving_the_Lumière_Factory
Charles Townes with his invention the maser, forerunner of the laser, during a news conference in 1955 (© AP)(1960) The laser is patented
Physicists Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes of Bell Labs are awarded a patent for the laser, or “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.” Some experts will contend that physicist grad student Gordon Gould should’ve received the patent.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term “laser” originated as an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances, enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond.
Inventors: Charles H. Townes · Theodore Maiman · Gordon Gould · Alexander Prokhorov · Nikolay Basov
May treat: Acne · Sebaceous cyst

wiki/Laser
Men and women march together holding signs in support of the Equal Rights Amendment in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1976 (© Barbara Freeman/Getty Images)(1972) US Congress passes the Equal Rights Amendment
Introduced to Congress in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), a proposed constitutional guarantee of women’s rights, passes and is sent to the states for ratification. Final ratification will fall short of the threshold needed by three states and the amendment will eventually die.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. The ERA has always been highly controversial regarding the meaning of equality for women. It was “feminist against feminist”, said historian Judith Sealander; the result was the eventual defeat of the ERA. Middle-class women generally were supportive. Those speaking for the working class were strongly opposed, arguing that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and hours. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It seemed headed for quick approval until Phyllis Schlafly mobilized conservative women in opposition, arguing that the ERA would disadvantage housewives.

Congress had set a ratification deadline of March 22, 1979. Through 1977, the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications. Five states rescinded their ratifications before the 1979 deadline. In 1978, a joint resolution of Congress extended the ratification deadline to June 30, 1982, but no further states ratified the amendment and so it did not become part of the Constitution. Several organizations continue to work for the adoption of the ERA.


wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment
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Today in History 03/02/17

Liebig Company trade card depicting Claude Chappe's telegraph system in use, circa 1754 (© Universal History Archive/Getty Images)(1791) The semaphore machine boosts long-distance messaging
The Chappe brothers demonstrate their new communications machine by sending a coded message via pivoting metal shutters set atop tall towers. This will be the precursor of the electric telegraph.
A semaphore telegraph is a system of conveying information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters, also known as blades or paddles.
wiki/Exeter_railway_station,_Adelaide
Scene from the 1933 movie 'King Kong' (© RKO Pictures/ullstein bild/Getty Images)(1933) ‘King Kong’ debuts on silver screen
An epic take on the tale of beauty and the beast, and a special effects extravaganza, ‘King Kong’ premieres at New York City’s Radio City Music Hall. Box office and critical reception will both be boffo.
A film crew goes to a tropical island for an exotic location shoot and discovers a colossal giant gorilla who takes a shine to their female blonde star. He is then captured and brought back to New York City for public exhibition.
Release date: Apr 07, 1933 (United States)
Directors: Merian C. Cooper · Ernest B. Schoedsack
Gross revenue: $2.80 million USD
Music by: Max Steiner
Sequel: Son of Kong
Screenwriters: Merian C. Cooper · Edgar Wallace · Ruth Rose · James Ashmore Creelman

wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)
Artist rendition of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft as it passes the planet Jupiter (© John G. Mabanglo/AFP/Getty Images)(1972) NASA launches first manmade object to leave solar system
The Pioneer 10 space probe lifts off from the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, Florida, heading for a rendezvous with Jupiter and other outer planets, then onward past the farthest reaches of our galaxy.
Pioneer 10 is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing 258 kilograms, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California, and the space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc.
Orbital speed: 7.48 miles/s (12.04 km/s)
Manufacturer: TRW Inc.

wiki/Pioneer_10
A CD, or compact disc, is shown at record store in 1985 (© Lennox McLendon/AP)(1983) Digital audio revolution hits the US and Europe
The first compact discs go on sale in the US, Europe, and other locales. The format will eclipse vinyl before being eclipsed itself less than two decades later by solid-state digital audio players.
Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage, rewritable media, Video Compact Disc, Super Video Compact Disc, Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982, when the first commercially available CD player was released in Japan.
Inventor: James Russell

wiki/Compact_disc
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