1948

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Today in History 05/14/17

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Settlers landing on the site of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America (MPI/Getty Images)(1607) English colonists put down roots in America
The Virginia Company of London finds a suitable parcel of land 40 miles from the sea on which to build a fortified settlement. Jamestown, named for the English king, will be the first permanent English colony in America, and arguably the first arm of the future British Empire.
The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown “is where the British Empire began.” Jamestown was established by the Virginia Company of London as “James Fort” on May 4, 1607, and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.
Points of interest: Historic Jamestowne · Jamestown Church · John Smith Statue · Ambler House · James Fort · Tercentenary Monument · Archaearium · Pocahontas Statue · Hunt Shrine

wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia
Painting of British physician and naturalist, Edward Jenner (© James Northcote)(1796) Scourge of smallpox meets its match
English scientist Edward Jenner inoculates a patient with the cowpox pathogen, thereby immunizing him from smallpox, a highly infectious, scarring plague that has already killed millions. Jenner has created the world’s first vaccine and will be called ‘the father of immunology.’
Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796. He followed up his observation that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox by showing that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox. The word “vaccine” is derived from Variolae vaccinae (i.e. smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox and used in the long title of his An enquiry into the causes and effects of Variolae vaccinae, known by the name of cow pox. Vaccination, the term which soon replaced cowpox inoculation and vaccine inoculation, was first used in print by Jenner’s friend, Richard Dunning in 1800. Initially, the terms vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but in 1881 Louis Pasteur proposed that to honour Jenner the terms be widened to cover the new protective inoculations being introduced.
wiki/Smallpox_vaccine
David Ben Gurion reads out the declaration of the founding of the State of Israel in Tel Aviv (© Keystone/Getty Images)(1948) Israel is declared an independent state
Declaring itself independent from the British Mandate of Palestine, the Jewish state of Israel is established, and a provisional government put in place. The next day, the Arab-Israeli War will begin, and last for more than nine months before a ceasefire is announced.

The History of Israel encompasses the Jewish history in the Land of Israel, as well as the history of the modern State of Israel. Modern Israel and the West Bank are roughly located on the site of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah. It is the birthplace of the Hebrew language and of the Abrahamic religions, and contains sites sacred to Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Samaritanism, Druze and Bahá’í Faith.

Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, the Land of Israel was predominantly Jewish until the 3rd century. The area became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century and then largely Muslim following the 7th century conquest and until the middle of the 20th century. It was a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096 and 1291, and from the end of the Crusades was part of the Syrian province of first the Mamluk Sultanate and then the Ottoman Empire until the British conquest in 1917.

A Jewish national movement, Zionism, emerged in the late-19th century. Following the British capture of Ottoman territories in the Levant, the Balfour Declaration in World War I and the formation of the Mandate of Palestine, Aliyah (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased, causing Arab–Jewish tensions and a collision of the Arab and Jewish nationalist movements. Israeli independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from both Europe and the Muslim countries to Israel, and of Arabs from Israel, followed by the extensive Arab–Israeli conflict. About 43% of the world’s Jews live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world.

Since about 1970, the United States has become the principal ally of Israel. In 1979 an uneasy Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was signed, based on the Camp David Accords. In 1993, Israel signed Oslo I Accord with the Palestine Liberation Organization, followed by establishment of the Palestinian National Authority and in 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed. Despite efforts to finalize the peace agreement, the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social and economic life.

The economy of Israel was initially primarily socialist and the country dominated by social democratic parties until the 1970s. Since then the Israeli economy has gradually moved to capitalism and a free market economy, partially retaining the social welfare system.


wiki/History_of_Israel
The cast of ‘Seinfeld,’ from left, Jerry Seinfeld, Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and Michael Richards (© George Lange/NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images)(1998) Final episode of ‘Seinfeld’ airs
After nine seasons, the ‘show about nothing’ that introduced TV viewers to Monk’s Café, Festivus, The Soup Nazi—yada yada yada— says goodbye. The 75-minute finale attracts more than 76 million viewers, though reactions from fans and critics are mixed at best.
Jerry Seinfeld stars in this television comedy series as himself, a comedian. The premise of this sitcom is Jerry and his friends going through everyday life, discussing various quirky situations that we can all relate to (especially if we live in New York). The eccentric personalities of the offbeat characters who make up Jerry’s social circle contribute to the fun.
First episode: Jul 05, 1989
Episode duration: 22 minutes
Creators: Jerry Seinfeld · Larry David
Theme song: Seinfeld Theme Song
Producers: Jerry Seinfeld · Larry David · Alec Berg · Jeff Schaffer · George Shapiro · Andrew Scheinman
Awards: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series · Peabody Award · Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy · Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series · Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series · Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

wiki/Seinfeld
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Today in History 05/03/17

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Colorized engraving of a portrait of British poet George Gordon, Lord Byron (© Stock Montage/Getty Images)(1810) Poet Lord Byron takes a long swim across the Hellespont
Inspired by the myth of Hero and Leander, George Gordon Byron, 22, swims across a turbulent Turkish strait dividing Europe from Asia. He will recount his aquatic adventure in the second canto of one of the most famous poems of the Romantic era, ‘Don Juan.’
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS, commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet, peer, politician, and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems, Don Juan and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and the short lyric poem, “She Walks in Beauty”.
Lived: Jan 22, 1788 – Apr 19, 1824 (age 36)
Height: 5′ 9″ (1.74 m)
Spouse: Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron (m. 1815 – 1816)
Children: Elizabeth Medora Leigh (Daughter) · Ada Lovelace (Daughter) · Allegra Byron (Daughter)
Education: Trinity College, Cambridge (1805 – 1808) · Harrow School (1801 – 1805) · University of Cambridge · Aberdeen Grammar School
Siblings: Augusta Leigh (Sister)
Highlights
  • 1798: When Byron’s great-uncle, the “wicked” Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, the 10-year-old boy became the 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale and inherited the ancestral home, Newstead Abbey, in Nottinghamshire.

  • 1815: The vessel was launched only a few miles south of Seaham Hall, where in 1815 Byron married Annabella Milbanke.

  • 1817: He also had an illegitimate child in 1817, Clara Allegra Byron, with Claire Clairmont, stepsister of Mary Shelley and stepdaughter of William Godwin, writer of Political Justice and Caleb Williams.

  • 1822: Upon the death of Byron’s mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon. Lady Milbanke, in 1822, her will required that he change his surname to “Noel” in order for him to inherit half of her estate.

  • 1823: Whilst sailing from Genoa to Cephalonia in 1823, every day at noon, Byron and Trelawny, in calm weather, jumped overboard for a swim without fear of sharks, which were not unknown in those waters.

  • 1824: He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi.

wiki/Lord_Byron
Engraving of William Walker training his soldiers at Virgin Bay (© Bettmann/Corbis)(1855) William Walker sets off to conquer Nicaragua
A self-styled colonial kingpin, William Walker departs San Francisco for Central America, where he plans to rule over as much territory as possible, an exploit known as filibustering. He will succeed briefly in Nicaragua, but will be executed in Honduras five years later.
William Walker (May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control, an enterprise then known as “filibustering.” Walker usurped the presidency of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies. He was executed by the government of Honduras in 1860.
wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)
Douglas Edwards of CBS News circa 1962 (© CBS Photo Archive/Getty Images)(1948) CBS begins nightly newscast
‘CBS Television News’ (later ‘CBS Evening News’) debuts as a 15-minute show anchored by Douglas Edwards. In 1963 it will become the first 30-minute weeknight network news broadcast. Future anchors will include Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather, Katie Couric, and Scott Pelley.
The CBS Evening News is the flagship evening television news program of CBS News, the news division of the CBS television network in the United States. The program has been broadcast since May 3, 1948 under the original title CBS Television News, eventually adopting its current title in 1963. Since June 6, 2011, the weekday editions of the program have been anchored by Scott Pelley. Previous anchors have included Douglas Edwards, Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather, Connie Chung, Bob Schieffer, and Katie Couric.
First episode: May 03, 1948
Episode duration: 15 minutes
Creator: Don Hewitt
Producers: CBS News · Don Hewitt · Keith Summa · Rick Kaplan · Jim Murphy · Patricia Shevlin · Mary Walsh · Vinnie Malhotra · Michael Rey · Thomas Flynn · Heather Abbott · Max McClellan · Bill Piersol · Christopher Scholl · Beth Loyd
Network: CBS
Awards: Peabody Award · News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast · News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Investigative Journalism – Segments · News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Business and Economic Reporting in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast

wiki/CBS_Evening_News
Playbill from the Off-Broadway musical production of 'The Fantasticks' at the Jerry Orbach Theater in New York City (© WENN Ltd/Alamy)(1960) World’s longest-running musical premieres
‘The Fantasticks’ opens off-Broadway in New York’s Greenwich Village, featuring Jerry Orbach singing ‘Try to Remember,’ the musical’s signature song. It will run 42 years, longer than any other musical play in history, for 17,162 performances.
The Fantasticks is a 1960 musical with music by Harvey Schmidt and lyrics by Tom Jones. It tells an allegorical story, loosely based on the play The Romancers by Edmond Rostand, concerning two neighboring fathers who trick their children, Luisa and Matt, into falling in love by pretending to feud. The fathers hire traveling actors to stage a mock abduction, so that Matt can heroically seem to save Luisa, ending the supposed feud. When the children discover the deception, they reject the arranged love match and separate. Each then gains disillusioning experiences of the real world, seen in parallel fantasy sequences. They return to each other bruised but enlightened, and they renew their vows with more maturity.
Author: Tom Jones
First published: 1964
First performed: May 03, 1960
Adaptations: The Fantasticks (1995)
Genre: Performing Arts

wiki/The_Fantasticks
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Today in History 04/03/17

Portrait of assassin Robert 'Bob' Ford (1861 - 1892) showing off the revolver he used to kill outlaw Jesse James in 1882, mid 1880s (© Authenticated News/Getty Images)(1882) Robert Ford shoots and kills Jesse James
Outlaw Jesse James is brought down by a member of his own gang, 20-year-old Robert Ford. Although James had been a notorious criminal, public sentiment will turn against Ford for shooting an unarmed man in the back of the head.
Robert Newton “Bob” Ford was an American outlaw best known for killing his gang leader Jesse James in April 1882, to collect a reward. For about a year, Ford and his older brother Charles performed paid re-enactments of the killing at publicity events. Later he drifted around the West, operating saloons and dance halls.
Born: Jan 31, 1862 · Ray County, MO
Died: Jun 08, 1892 · Creede, CO
Siblings: Charles Ford (Brother)
Related movies: The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
Children: Maude Mae Powell (Daughter) · Odie Watson (Daughter)
Parents: James Thomas · Mary Bruin Ford
Highlights
  • 1881: Ford’s brother Charles is believed to have taken part in the James gang’s Blue Cut train robbery in Jackson County, west of Glendale, Missouri (renamed Selsa and now part of Independence), on September 7, 1881.

  • 1881: In November 1881, after the train robbery, James moved his family to St. Joseph, Missouri and intended to give up crime.

  • 1889: On December 26, 1889, Ford survived an assassination attempt in Kansas City, Kansas when an assailant tried to slit his throat.

  • 1892: Ford purchased a lot and on May 29, 1892 opened Ford’s Exchange, said to have been a dance hall.

  • 1892: Three days after the fire, on June 8, 1892, Edward O’Kelley entered Ford’s tent saloon with a shotgun.

  • 1892: Robert Ford died on June 08, 1892 in Creede, United States.

wiki/Robert_Ford_(outlaw)
Oscar WiIde circa 1890 (© Print Collector/Getty Images)(1895) Trial of Oscar Wilde begins
Brilliantly witty and notoriously unconventional, writer Oscar Wilde has brought libel charges against the father of a friend, who had publicly accused Wilde of committing the crime of sodomy. The trial will be Wilde’s undoing, exposing his scandalous private life, and ending in a prison term.
Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London’s most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death.
Lived: Oct 16, 1854 – Nov 30, 1900 (age 46)
Height: 6′ 3″ (1.91 m)
Partner: Lord Alfred Douglas (1897 – 1898)
Spouse: Constance Lloyd (m. 1884 – 1898)
Children: Vyvyan Holland (Son) · Cyril Holland (Son)
Awards: Retro Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (1946)
Highlights
  • 1884: He proposed to her, and they married on 29 May 1884 at the Anglican St James’s Church, Paddington in London.

  • 1889: In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in The Nineteenth Century, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, in The Fortnightly Review, edited by Wilde’s friend Frank Harris.

  • 1891: In mid-1891 Lionel Johnson introduced Wilde to Lord Alfred Douglas, an undergraduate at Oxford at the time.

  • 1895: Wilde’s friends had advised him against the prosecution at a Saturday Review meeting at the Café Royal on 24 March 1895; Frank Harris warned him that “they are going to prove sodomy against you” and advised him to flee to France.

  • 1895: On 25 May 1895 Wilde and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years’ hard labour.

  • 1900: Wilde died of cerebral meningitis on 30 November 1900.

wiki/Oscar_Wilde
President Harry Truman signs the history-making foreign aid bill known as the Marshall Plan into law at a White House ceremony in Washington on April 3, 1948 (©AP)(1948) Marshall Plan is approved for a post-WWII Europe
President Harry Truman pledges billions of dollars in US aid to a Europe reeling from the massive destruction of World War II. The Marshall Plan is both a humanitarian effort and a shrewd political move against Soviet expansion.

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (approximately $120 billion in current dollar value as of June 2016) in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning April 8, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous once more, and prevent the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.

The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 26% of the total), followed by France (18%) and West Germany (11%). Some 18 European countries received Plan benefits. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as East Germany and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not called “Marshall Plan”.

The initiative is named after Secretary of State George Marshall, who also served as the United States Army Chief of staff during WWII. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after WWII as well as to antagonize the Soviet Union. In order to combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic plan, known as the Molotov Plan. It was not as effective as the Marshall Plan, and in some ways contradictory to eastern block countries that served alongside the axis powers in WWII.

The phrase “equivalent of the Marshall Plan” is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program.


US Marshal Plan Aid Logo

wiki/Marshall_Plan
John F. Mitchell (left) and Martin Cooper with prototype Motorola DynaTAC cellular phone, 1973 (© Motorola Mobility LLC, Legacy Archives Collection, Schaumburg, Ill.)(1973) First public mobile phone call is made
Motorola engineer Martin Cooper stands on a sidewalk in midtown Manhattan and uses a prototype handheld mobile phone to call his team’s main competitor in the field, Bell Labs’ Joel Engel. The first handheld cell phone is nicknamed ‘the brick.’
Martin “Marty” Cooper is an American engineer. He is a pioneer and visionary in the wireless communications industry. With eleven patents in the field, he is recognized as an innovator in radio spectrum management.
Website: www.dynallc.com
Born: Dec 26, 1928 (age 88) · Chicago, IL
Net worth: $100 million USD (2016)
Spouse: Arlene Harris (m. 1991)
Inventions: Mobile phone
Founded: ArrayComm
Education: Illinois Institute of Technology
Highlights
  • 1967: He developed many products including the first cellular-like portable handheld police radio system, produced for the Chicago police department in 1967.

  • 1973: Here he conceived of the first portable cellular phone in 1973 and led the 10-year process of bringing it to market.

  • 1986: In 1986, Cooper sold CBSI to Cincinnati Bell (now Convergys) for $23 million.

  • 1986: Cooper and his wife Arlene Harris founded Dyna LLC in 1986 as a home base for their various developmental and support activities surrounding the incubation of new ideas and new companies.

  • 1986: In 1986 Cooper co-founded Cellular Payphone Inc. (CPPI), the parent company of GreatCall, Inc. – Innovator of the Jitterbug cell phone (in partnership with Samsung).

  • 1991: Martin Cooper married Arlene Harris in 1991.

wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)
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Today in History 02/22/17

Memorial stone at Fishguard, Wales, commemorating the last invasion of Wales by the French in 1797 (© ChalkyWhite/Getty Images)(1797) ‘Last invasion of Britain’ begins
Revolutionary French forces land at Carregwastad Head, near Fishguard, on the Welsh coast. This failed two-day campaign will be the last time to date that a foreign military force has set foot on British soil.
The Battle of Fishguard was a military invasion of Great Britain by Revolutionary France during the War of the First Coalition. The brief campaign, on 22 – 24 February 1797, is the most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign force, and thus is often referred to as the “last invasion of Britain”. The French General Lazare Hoche had devised a three-pronged attack on Britain in support of the Society of United Irishmen. Two forces would land in Britain as a diversionary effort, while the main body would land in Ireland. Adverse weather and ill-discipline halted two of the forces but the third, aimed at landing in Wales and marching on Bristol, went ahead.
Start date: Feb 22, 1797
End date: Feb 24, 1797

wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard
Members of the 'People's Militia,' formed by members of the Communist Party, march in Czechoslovakia in Feb 1948 (© STR/AFP/Getty Images)(1948) Coup brings Communist rule to Czechoslovakia
With the might of the Soviets behind them, Czechoslovak socialists take power by coup d’état, ushering in what will be 40 years of dictatorship, and spurring the West to enact the Marshall Plan.
The 1948 Czechoslovak coup d’état – in Communist historiography known as “Victorious February” – was an event late that February in which the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia, marking the onset of four decades of Communist dictatorship in the country.
Start date: Feb 21, 1948
End date: Feb 25, 1948

wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d’état
The US hockey team celebrates after beating the Soviet Union in the semifinals at the Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY, on Feb. 22, 1980 (© Focus on Sport/Getty Images)(1980) US hockey team pulls off ‘Miracle on Ice’
At the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, a US Olympic hockey team made up of amateur and college players takes on the mighty juggernaut of the Soviet crew and, in a shockingly unexpected turn, wins their medal-round match 4-3.
The “Miracle on Ice” refers to a medal-round game during the men’s ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, played between the hosting United States, and the defending gold medalists, the Soviet Union.
Date: Feb 22, 1980

wiki/Miracle_on_Ice
The world's first clone of an adult animal, Dolly the sheep, in 2002 (© Jeff J Mitchell/Reuters)(1997) First cloned animal is announced
Scientists in Scotland reveal the existence of Dolly the sheep, the first animal successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Created from a mammary cell, she’s named after Dolly Parton.
Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly’s cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the UK’s Ministry of Agriculture. She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday. She has been called “the world’s most famous sheep” by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.
Born: Jul 05, 1996
Died: Feb 14, 2003
Birth place: Scotland

wiki/Dolly_(sheep)
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Today in History 01/30/17

Illustration by Ernest Crofts of King Charles I (center) walking to his execution in 1649 (© The Print Collector/Getty Images)(1649) England’s King Charles I executed on charge of treason
Controversial from his reign’s start, King Charles clashed frequently with the English parliament, leading to two civil wars, Oliver Cromwell’s rise, and finally to his own beheading.
Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1612. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead.
Lived: Nov 19, 1600 – Jan 30, 1649 (age 48)
Height: 5′ 4″ (1.63 m)
Spouse: Henrietta Maria of France (m. 1625)
Children: Charles II of England (Son) · James II of England (Son) · Elizabeth Stuart (Daughter) · Henrietta of England (Daughter) · Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (Daughter) · Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
Parents: James VI and I (Father) · Anne of Denmark (Mother)
Siblings: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (Brother) · Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (Sister) · Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne (Brother)
Highlights
  • 1617: In 1617, the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, a Catholic, was elected king of Bohemia.

  • 1619: In August 1619, the Bohemian diet chose as their monarch Frederick V, who was leader of the Protestant Union, while Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor in the imperial election.

  • 1623: Charles and the Duke of Buckingham, James’s favourite and a man who had great influence over the prince, travelled incognito to Spain in February 1623 to try to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish match.

  • 1625: Charles I of England married Henrietta Maria of France on May 11, 1625.

  • 1637: In 1637, the king ordered the use of a new prayer book in Scotland that was almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer, without consulting either the Scottish Parliament or the Kirk.

  • 1645: At the battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, Rupert’s horsemen again mounted a successful charge, against the flank of Parliament’s New Model Army, but Charles’s troops elsewhere on the field were pushed back by the opposing forces.

wiki/Charles_I_of_England
Mahatma Gandhi on the day he was shot, Jan. 30, 1948 (© Toronto Star Archives/Getty Images)(1948) Mahatma Gandhi assassinated
Gandhi, India’s political and spiritual leader whose use of nonviolent civil disobedience led to his country’s independence from British colonial rule, is slain in New Delhi by a Hindu extremist.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated at the Birla House in New Delhi on 30 January 1948. Gandhi was outside on the steps where a prayer meeting was going to take place, surrounded by a part of his family and some followers, when Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist and prominent member of Hindu Mahasabha, approached and shot him three times in the chest at close range. Gandhi was taken back inside the Birla House, where he died. Godse was arrested, convicted in court and later executed.
Date: Jan 30, 1948

wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi
American soldiers run for cover as an incoming artillery round explodes nearby on January 30, 1968, in Khe Sanh, Vietnam, at the beginning of the Tet Offensive (© STF/AFP/Getty Image)(1968) The Tet Offensive begins with surprise attacks
Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces break the holiday truce, launching a widespread military campaign against US and South Vietnamese targets that is among the largest of the Vietnam War.
The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People’s Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States Armed Forces, and their allies. It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam. The name of the offensive comes from the Tết holiday, the Vietnamese New Year, when the first major attacks took place.
Start date: Jan 30, 1968
End date: Sep 23, 1968

wiki/Tet_Offensive
Demonstrators throw objects at British soldiers during a civil rights gathering in Derry, Northern Ireland, on 'Bloody Sunday,' Jan. 30, 1972 (© Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images)(1972) Northern Ireland suffers ‘Bloody Sunday’
British soldiers fire on unarmed Catholic civil rights protestors during a Derry, Northern Ireland, march, killing 14 and wounding 17. The incident ratchets up tension and strife during The Troubles.
Bloody Sunday – sometimes called the Bogside Massacre – was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march against internment. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. The soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as “1 Para”.
Date: Jan 30, 1972

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