(1922) The Soviet Union is foundedThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union, becomes the first Marxist country in the world, following the October Revolution and the grueling Civil War that ended the Russian Empire. The USSR comprises a federation of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, and the Transcaucasian Federation, but will grow larger still.The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, abbreviated as USSR, was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Russian nation had constitutionally equal status among the many nations of the union but exerted de facto dominance in various respects. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact.
Dissolved: Dec 26, 1991 Population: 293.05 million (1991) Official language: Russian Area: 8.65 million sq miles (22.40 million km²) Calling code: 7 Capital: Moscow
(1743) A British monarch leads troops into battle for the last timeEngland’s 60-year-old King George II leads 25 squadrons of British and Hanoverian cavalry into the Battle of Dettingen against a French army confident it will defeat their foe in the larger War of the Austrian Succession. George will be the last British monarch to lead a battle.The Battle of Dettingen took place on 27 June 1743 at Dettingen on the River Main, Germany, during the War of the Austrian Succession. The British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeated a French army under the duc de Noailles. George II commanded his troops in the battle, and this marked the last time a British monarch personally led his troops on the field. The battle straddled the river about 18 miles east of Frankfurt, with guns on the Hessian bank but most of the combat on the flat Bavarian bank. The village of Dettingen is today the town of Karlstein am Main, in the extreme northwest of Bavaria.
Date: Jun 27, 1743
wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen(1971) Legendary New York concert venue shuts its doorsConcert promoter Bill Graham hosts the final show at the Fillmore East, with performances by Albert King, The J. Geils Band, The Beach Boys, and The Allman Brothers Band, among others. The venue had featured iconic acts since 1968 but proved to be too small for the growing concert industry .Fillmore East was rock promoter Bill Graham’s rock venue on Second Avenue near East 6th Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood, now called the East Village neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan of New York City. It was open from March 8, 1968 to June 27, 1971 and featured some of the biggest acts in rock music at the time. The Fillmore East was a companion to Graham’s Fillmore Auditorium, and its successor, the Fillmore West, in San Francisco, Graham’s home base.
Opened: Mar 08, 1968 Closed: Jun 27, 1971 Capacity: 2,654
wiki/Fillmore_East(1972) Computer gaming’s groundbreaking gang forms Atari Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, designers of the first arcade video game, ‘Computer Space,’ incorporate their new firm, Atari. It will help transform the industry as Atari’s design engineer Al Alcorn gets things rolling, or at least gliding, with his first creation, ‘Pong.’Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972, currently by Atari Interactive, a subsidiary of the French publisher Atari, SA. The original Atari, Inc. founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company’s products, such as Pong and the Atari 2600, helped define the electronic entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s.
Founded: 1972 · Sunnyvale, CA Headquarters: New York, NY Founder: Nolan Bushnell Subsidiaries: Fox Interactive · Krome Studios Melbourne · Paradigm Entertainment · Cryptic Studios · GT Interactive Software Europe Ltd. · GT Interactive Software GmbH · R New UK Studio ltd · GT Interactive Software France SARL · GT Interactive Europe Holdings BV
wiki/Atari(1985) America’s legendary ‘Mother Road’ is no moreIt’s too late to get hip to timely Route 66 tips, as the once heavily travelled highway spanning the US heartland from Chicago to L.A. (California) is officially decertified. Formerly stretching more than 2,000 miles, the giant US interstate highway system now renders the route obsolete.U.S. Route 66, also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System. US 66 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year. The highway, which became one of the most famous roads in the United States, originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica, California, covering a total of 2,448 miles. It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song Route 66″ and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s.
Length: 2,451 miles (3,945 km) Formed: Nov 11, 1926 Major cities: Oatman · Santa Monica · Groom · Flagstaff · Amarillo · Chicago · Albuquerque · Kingman · Springfield · Los Angeles · San Bernardino · Needles · Barstow · Oklahoma City · Amboy
(1653) New Amsterdam, now New York City, is incorporatedA settlement surrounding Fort Amsterdam on the southern tip of Manhattan Island receives municipal rights from its Dutch owners. The English consider New Amsterdam to be a problematic trading post.New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The factorij became a settlement outside of Fort Amsterdam. Situated on the strategic, fortifiable southern tip of the island of Manhattan, the fort was meant to defend the Dutch West India Company’s fur trade operations in the North River. In 1624 it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625. wiki/New_Amsterdam(1922) James Joyce’s novel ‘Ulysses’ publishedOn his 40th birthday, Dublin-born author James Joyce sees his modernist novel ‘Ulysses’ released by Paris publisher Sylvia Beach. It will revolutionize fiction writing, but also lead to an obscenity trial.Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, and has been called “a demonstration and summation of the entire movement”. According to Declan Kiberd, “Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking.”
Author: James Joyce First published: Feb 02, 1922 ATOS reading level: 7.50 Followed by: Finnegans Wake Characters: Molly Bloom · Leopold Bloom · Blazes Boylan · Patrick “Paddy” Dignam · Milly Bloom · Gerty MacDowell · Simon Dedalus · Stephen Dedalus · Buck Mulligan · Garrett Deasy · D. B. Murphy · Father John Conmee Preceded by: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
wiki/Ulysses_(novel)(1971) General Idi Amin becomes Uganda’s leader in coupHaving overthrown President Milton Obote in a coup the previous week, General Idi Amin consolidates power, naming himself head of the armed forces and president of Uganda. He will initiate brutal political and ethnic slaughter, resulting in 500,000 deaths according to Amnesty International.Idi Amin Dada was the third president of Uganda, ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin in 1946 joined the King’s African Rifles, a British colonial regiment, serving in Kenya and Uganda. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Uganda People’s Defense Force and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971 that deposed Milton Obote. While he was head of state, he promoted himself to field marshal.
Lived: 1923 – Aug 16, 2003 Height: 6′ 4″ (1.93 m) Spouse: Sarah Kyolaba (m. 1975 – 2003) · Madina Amin (m. 1972 – 2003) · Nora Amin (m. 1967 – 1974) · Malyamu Amin (m. 1966 – 1974) · Kay Amin (m. 1966 – 1974) Movies: General Idi Amin Dada Previous offices: President for Life (1976 – 1979) · President of Uganda (1971 – 1979) Children: Maimuna Amin (Daughter) · Kato Amin (Son) · Ali Amin (Son) · Mwanga Amin (Son) · Hussein Amin (Son) · Iman Aminu (Daughter) · Taban Amin (Son) · Wasswa Amin (Son) · Jaffar Amin (Son) · Moses Amin
Highlights
1966: He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966.
1971: Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore.
1972: Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972, by purging the army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups.
1975: It was a British comedy album parodying Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, released in 1975 on Transatlantic Records.
1980: Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda–Tanzania war for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman Mohamed Amin of Visnews in Nairobi, located Amin in 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition.
2003: Amin’s family decided to disconnect life support and Amin died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003.
wiki/Idi_Amin(1990) Ban on anti-apartheid groups lifted, Nelson Mandela promised freedomSouth African President F.W. de Klerk outlines sweeping reforms in a parliamentary speech, setting the stage for the dismantling of apartheid. The reforms lift bans on anti-apartheid groups and promise the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela.Frederik Willem de Klerk is a South African politician who served as the country’s State President from August 1989 to May 1994. He was the seventh and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era. De Klerk was also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997.
Born: Mar 18, 1936 (age 80) · Johannesburg, South Africa Height: 5′ 10″ (1.78 m) Spouse: Elita Georgiades (m. 1998) · Marike de Klerk (m. 1959 – 1998) Previous offices: Deputy President of South Africa (1994 – 1996) · State President of South Africa (1989 – 1994) · State President of South Africa (1989 – 1994) Awards: Nobel Peace Prize (1993) · Time Person of the Year (1993) · Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize (1991) · Philadelphia Liberty Medal (1993) · Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation Parties: National Party · New National Party
Highlights
1990: A couple of months later, in February 1990, he suddenly lifted the bans on the African National Congress (ANC) and the Communist Party of South Africa, released Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners.
1996: He was one of the deputy presidents of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996, and is the most recent white South African and Afrikaner to have held the position.
1998: F.W. de Klerk married Elita Georgiades on November 07, 1998.
1999: In 1999, de Klerk established the pro-peace FW de Klerk Foundation of which he is the chairman.
2001: On 4 December 2001, Marike de Klerk was found stabbed and strangled to death in her Cape Town flat.
2003: On 15 May 2003, he received two life sentences for murder, as well as three years for breaking into Marike de Klerk’s apartment.
(1922) First diabetic patient to receive insulinFourteen-year-old Leonard Thompson is injected with insulin, a new drug that saves diabetics’ lives. A Nobel Prize will go to the Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod, the researchers who developed the drug.Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism.
May treat: Diabetes mellitus type 1 · Type 2 diabetes · Diabetic ketoacidosis · Hyperglycemia · Gestational diabetes · Hyperkalemia · Myocardial Reperfusion Injury Possible side effect: Acanthosis nigricans Legal status: Over-the-counter drug · Prescription drug Brand name: Exubera Pregnancy risk category: Pregnancy Category C (FDA) · Pregnancy Category B (FDA)
wiki/Insulin(1957) The Frisbee takes flight The toy company Wham-O has taken notice of a plastic flying disc invented by WWII veteran pilot Walter Morrison, who’s been selling his Pluto Platters on the beaches of Santa Monica, California. He sells the rights for the Pluto Platter to Wham-O, which soon changes its name to the Frisbee.A frisbee is a disc-shaped gliding toy or sporting item that is generally plastic and roughly 20 to 25 centimetres in diameter with a lip, used recreationally and competitively for throwing and catching, for example, in flying disc games. The shape of the disc, an airfoil in cross-section, allows it to fly by generating lift as it moves through the air while spinning. Flying discs are thrown and caught for free-form recreation and as part of many flying disc games. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. Disc golf discs are usually smaller but denser and tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. The longest recorded disc throw is by Simon Lizotte with a distance of 263.2 meters. Disc dog sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog’s bite and prevent injury to the dog. Flying rings are also available; they typically travel significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are also illuminated discs meant for nighttime play — they are made of a phosphorescent plastic or contain battery-powered light-emitting diodes or chemiluminescent glowing sticks. Others whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight. wiki/Frisbee(1968) US Navy ship seized by North KoreaThe intelligence vessel USS Pueblo comes under fire and is captured by North Korean patrol boats off their coast. The 83 crewmembers will be held by the communist nation for 11 months.USS Pueblo (AGER-2) is a Banner-class environmental research ship, attached to Navy intelligence as a spy ship, which was attacked and captured by North Korean forces on 23 January 1968, in what is known today as the “Pueblo incident” or alternatively, as the “Pueblo crisis”.
Launched: Apr 16, 1944
wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)(1973) President Nixon announces accord ending Vietnam WarThe Paris Peace Accords signed by his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and the top North Vietnamese negotiator, Richard Nixon announces that a ceasefire will go into effect in 72 hours.The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries. It ended direct U.S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam. However, the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate.
The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) to fulfill the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it. wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords3.2.j17
(1493) Columbus sights “mermaids” in Caribbean watersHalf a year into his first transatlantic voyage, Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus spots manatees, mistakes them for mythical mermaids, and declares them “not half as beautiful as they are painted.”Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World.
Lived: 1451 – May 20, 1506 Height: 6′ 0″ (1.83 m) Spouse: Filipa Moniz Perestrelo (m. 1479) Partner: Beatriz Enríquez de Arana (1487 – 1506) Children: Diego Columbus (Son) · Ferdinand Columbus (Son) Parents: Domenico Colombo (Father) · Susanna Fontanarossa (Mother)
Highlights
1479: Christopher Columbus married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo in 1479.
1492: During his first voyage in 1492, the brisk trade winds from the east, commonly called “easterlies”, propelled Columbus’s fleet for five weeks, from the Canary Islands to The Bahamas.
1492: After continually lobbying at the Spanish court and two years of negotiations, he finally had success in January 1492.
1493: After departing, and after reportedly being saved from assassins by King John, Columbus crossed the bar of Saltes and entered the harbor of Palos de la Frontera on 15 March 1493.
1493: Columbus left the port of Cádiz on 24 September 1493, with a fleet of 17 ships carrying 1,200 men and the supplies to establish permanent colonies in the New World.
1502: Accompanied by his brother Bartolomeo and his 13-year-old son Fernando, he left Cádiz on 11 May 1502, with his flagship Santa María and the vessels Gallega, Vizcaína, and Santiago de Palos.
wiki/Christopher_Columbus(1861) First shots fired in lead-up to Civil WarThree months before the official start of the American Civil War, cannon fire does minor damage to the Star of the West, a Union merchant ship sailing towards Ft. Sumter, South Carolina, to deliver supplies.Star of the West was an American civilian steamship, launched in 1852 and scuttled by Confederate forces in 1863. In January 1861, she was hired by the United States government to transport military supplies and reinforcements to the U.S. military garrison of Fort Sumter, but was fired on by cadets from The Citadel, in what were effectively the first shots fired in the American Civil War.
Launched: Jun 17, 1852
wiki/Star_of_the_West(1922) Ernest Hemingway rents his first Paris apartmentA 22-year-old Ernest Hemingway in Paris moves into a small walk-up in Paris’ Latin Quarter. In Paris, the future Nobel Prize-winning writer will complete some of his most memorable fiction and hobnob with many of the most important artists of the 20th century.Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
Lived: Jul 21, 1899 – Jul 02, 1961 (age 61) Height: 6′ 0″ (1.83 m) Spouse: Mary Welsh Hemingway (m. 1946 – 1961) · Martha Gellhorn (m. 1940 – 1945) · Pauline Pfeiffer (m. 1927 – 1940) · Hadley Richardson (m. 1921 – 1927) Children: Jack Hemingway (Son) · Gregory Hemingway (Son) · Patrick Hemingway (Son) Related movies: Hemingway & Gellhorn Awards: Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) · Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1953) · Bronze Star Medal (1947)
wiki/Ernest_Hemingway(2007) Steve Jobs introduces the first iPhoneApple CEO Steve Jobs unveils a cell phone he dubs “revolutionary and magical,” and the touchscreen device becomes the first in a line of iPhones that will go on to sell hundreds of millions of units.The iPhone, is the first smartphone model designed and marketed by Apple. It is the first generation of iPhone that was announced on January 9, 2007 after years of rumors and speculation. It was introduced in the United States on June 29, 2007, and it featured quad-band GSM cellular connectivity with GPRS and EDGE support for data transfer. On June 9, 2008, Apple announced its successor, the iPhone 3G. The original iPhone has not received software updates from Apple after iPhone OS 3.1.3. Since June 11, 2013, the original iPhone has been considered “obsolete” in Apple retail stores, “vintage” by other service providers in the US, and “obsolete” in all other regions. Apple does not service vintage or obsolete products, and replacement parts for obsolete products are not available to service providers. wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)3.2.j17
(1922) The Soviet Union is founded
(1743) A British monarch leads troops into battle for the last time
(1971) Legendary New York concert venue shuts its doors
(1972) Computer gaming’s groundbreaking gang forms Atari 
(1985) America’s legendary ‘Mother Road’ is no more
(1653) New Amsterdam, now New York City, is incorporated
(1922) James Joyce’s novel ‘Ulysses’ published
(1971) General Idi Amin becomes Uganda’s leader in coup
(1990) Ban on anti-apartheid groups lifted, Nelson Mandela promised freedom
(1922) First diabetic patient to receive insulin
(1957) The Frisbee takes flight 
(1968) US Navy ship seized by North Korea
(1973) President Nixon announces accord ending Vietnam War
(1493) Columbus sights “mermaids” in Caribbean waters
(1861) First shots fired in lead-up to Civil War
(1922) Ernest Hemingway rents his first Paris apartment
(2007) Steve Jobs introduces the first iPhone.svg)
