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Today in History 04/01/17

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1857 ticket to the 'Washing of the lions' (Public domain)(1698) April fools flock to the Tower of London
Several gullible people are sent to the Tower of London to see the “washing of the lions” (a nonexistent practice), as will be reported April 2 by a London newspaper. The prank will endure for centuries, making clear that the tradition of tricking dupes on April 1 is becoming increasingly popular.
April Fools’ Day is celebrated every year on April 1 by playing practical jokes and spreading hoaxes. The jokes and their victims are called April fools. People playing April Fool jokes expose their prank by shouting April Fool. Some newspapers, magazines, and other published media report fake stories, which are usually explained the next day or below the news section in small letters. Although popular since the 19th century, the day is not a public holiday in any country.
wiki/April_Fools’_Day
Official war photographers and SE 5a Scouts of No 1 Squadron, RAF at Clairmarais aerodrome near Ypres, France in 1918 (© 2nd Lt. D McLellan/IWM via Getty Images)(1918) Britain’s Royal Air Force is formed
Combing the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, the RAF is the world’s largest air force. Formed at the tail end of World War I, the force will find its greatest glory 22 years later during the Battle of Britain.
The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdom’s aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world. Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history, in particular, playing a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.
Website: www.raf.mod.uk
Founded: Apr 01, 1918
Founder: Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard
Subsidiary: Royal Air Force Air Cadets

wiki/Royal_Air_Force
German architect Walter Gropius in Berlin on May 15, 1933 standing in front of a drawing of one of his projects, a design for the Chicago Tribune building (© AP)(1919) Walter Gropius founds the Bauhaus school
Architect Walter Gropius opens the Bauhaus school in Weimar, Germany, to teach modernist art and design. Ideas that spring from the school will revolutionize the world’s aesthetic sense, from painting to textiles to architecture.
Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicised and taught.
Founded: 1919
Ceased operation: 1933
Founder: Walter Gropius

wiki/Bauhaus
Spanish people search through the rubble in Madrid where their homes once were, during the Spanish Civil War (© Hulton Archive/Getty Images)(1939) Spanish Civil War ends
Almost three years after a coup against Spain’s elected leftist government sparked a bloody battle of ideologies, the country’s civil war is over and the right-leaning Nationalists, headed by General Francisco Franco, have won.
The Spanish Civil War, widely known in Spain simply as The Civil War or The War, took place from 1936 to 1939 and was fought between the Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning and relatively urban Second Spanish Republic in an alliance of convenience with the Anarchists, versus the Nationalists, a falangist, Carlist, and a largely aristocratic conservative group led by General Francisco Franco. Although the war is often portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism, some historians consider it more accurately described as a struggle between leftist revolution and rightist counter-revolution. Ultimately, the Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975.
Start date: Jul 17, 1936
End date: Apr 01, 1939

wiki/Spanish_Civil_War
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Today in History 03/23/17

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Painting of Patrick Henry delivering a speech before the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775 (© Fotosearch/Getty Images)(1775) Patrick Henry makes a fiery bid for freedom
American lawyer Patrick Henry serves up rousing rhetoric at the House of Burgesses in Richmond, Virginia, as he makes his case for supporting military action against the British. Henry’s words “give me liberty or give me death” will resonate through the centuries.
“Give me liberty, or give me death!” is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, at St. John’s Church in Richmond, Virginia. He is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War. Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington.
wiki/Give_me_liberty,_or_give_me_death!
A view of Fort Clatsop near the mouth of the Columbia River, circa 1806 © Kean Collection/Archive Photos/Getty Images)(1806) American explorers Lewis & Clark head for home
Having reached the Pacific Ocean the previous November, the expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark departs Fort Clatsop, in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River, to begin the formidable journey back to St. Louis, where they began two years earlier.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States. It began near St. Louis, made its way westward, and passed through the continental divide to reach the Pacific coast. It comprised a selected group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend, Second Lieutenant William Clark.
Start date: May 14, 1804
End date: Sep 23, 1806

wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition
Italian statesman Benito Mussolini making a speech in Milan, Italy, circa 1920 (© Albert Harlingue/Roger Viollet/Getty Images)(1919) Mussolini establishes the Italian fascist movement
Breaking with socialism, WWI vet Benito Mussolini merges two organizations to found his own nationalist ideological movement, the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, which will become the National Fascist Party. Now known as “Il Duce” (the leader), he will go on to align with Hitler as an Axis power in World War II.

Italian Fascism (Italian: Fascismo Italiano), also known simply as Fascism (Italian: Fascismo), is the original fascist ideology, as developed in Italy. The ideology is associated with the Fascist Revolutionary Party (PFR), founded in 1915, and the succeeding National Fascist Party (PNF) in 1921, which under Benito Mussolini ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943, the Republican Fascist Party that ruled the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, the post-war Italian Social Movement and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements.

Italian Fascism was rooted in Italian nationalism and the desire to restore and expand Italian territories, which Italian Fascists deemed necessary for a nation to assert its superiority and strength and to avoid succumbing to decay. Italian Fascists claimed that modern Italy is the heir to ancient Rome and its legacy, and historically supported the creation of an Italian Empire to provide spazio vitale (“living space”) for colonization by Italian settlers and to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea.

Italian Fascism promoted a corporatist economic system whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation’s economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy. This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes.

Italian Fascism opposed liberalism, especially “classical liberalism” that Mussolini and Fascist leaders denounced as “the debacle of individualism”, but rather than seeking a reactionary restoration of the pre-French Revolutionary world, which it considered to have been flawed, it had a forward-looking direction. It was opposed to Marxist socialism because of its typical opposition to nationalism, but was also opposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre. It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition and a clear sense of a shared past among the Italian people, alongside a commitment to a modernised Italy.


wiki/Italian_Fascism
US President Ronald Reagan is flanked by physicist Dr. Edward Teller (left) and Lt. Gen. James Abrahamson, director of Strategic Defense Initiative, as he arrives to address a conference marking the first five years of his 'Star Wars' missile defense program on March 14, 1988 (© Charles Tasnadi/AP)(1983) Reagan proposes ‘Star Wars’ missile defense
US President Ronald Reagan lays out plans for defensive orbiting lasers capable of intercepting and destroying incoming nuclear weapons. Derided by opponents as ‘Star Wars,’ the Strategic Defense Initiative will cost the US $30 billion, but it will never be fully developed or deployed.

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles). The system, which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms, was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine. SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy, as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union’s nuclear defenses.

The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite “an offensive arms race”. SDI was nicknamed largely in the mainstream media as “Star Wars”, after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas. In 1987, the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as “Star Wars” was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status, and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational.

Under the SDIO’s Innovative Sciences and Technology Office, headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson, the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories, universities, and in industry; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics, supercomputing/computation, advanced materials, and many other critical science and engineering disciplines—funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists, and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment.

Laser research funded by the SDI office was disclosed at laser conferences that also included panel discussions on the subject with the participation of James Ionson, Edward Teller, and other prominent advocates of SDI.

During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, the SDIO’s name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and its focus shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense; and its scope from global to more regional coverage.[citation needed] It was never truly developed or deployed, though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today.[citation needed] BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002. This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO.

Today, the United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing. The US and the UK also have both laser weapons and 360 degree laser shields in development, which are expected to be ready for military use as early as 2020. Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs.


wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative
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Today in History 02/05/17

Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, is greeted by Native American Indians circa 1636 (© Getty Images)(1631) Religious pluralist Roger Williams lands in America
Roger Williams arrives in Boston from England, and will become a proponent of the separation between church and state. He’ll also found the state of Rhode Island and America’s first Baptist church.
Roger Williams was a Puritan, an English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist who was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the colony of Massachusetts because they thought that he was spreading “new and dangerous ideas” to his congregants. Williams fled the Massachusetts colony under the threat of impending arrest and shipment to an English prison; he began the settlement of Providence Plantation in 1636 as a refuge offering freedom of conscience.
Lived: 1603 – Mar 1683
Spouse: Mary Barnard (m. 1629 – 1676)
Children: Freeborn Williams (Daughter) · Daniel Williams (Son) · Joseph Williams (Son) · Mercy Williams (Daughter) · Mary Williams (Daughter) · Providence Williams
Education: University of Cambridge · Pembroke College, Cambridge
Parents: James Williams · Alice Williams
Nominations: British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series (2002)
Highlights
  • 1629: Williams also married Mary Barnard (1609–76) on December 15, 1629 at the Church of High Laver, Essex, England.

  • 1634: In August 1634, Williams became acting pastor of the Salem church, the Rev. Skelton having died, and continued to be embroiled in controversies.

  • 1635: Finally, in October 1635, the General Court tried Williams and convicted him of sedition and heresy.

  • 1636: He was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the colony of Massachusetts because they thought that he was spreading “new and dangerous ideas”, so he began the colony of Providence Plantation in 1636 which provided a refuge for religious minorities.

  • 1644: Williams secured his precious charter from Parliament for “Providence Plantations” in July 1644, then published his most famous book The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience.

  • 1647: Because of William Coddington’s opposition on Rhode Island, it took Williams until 1647 to get the four towns around Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government.

wiki/Roger_Williams
Plastic objects made from phenol formaldehyde, marketed as bakelite, between 1920 and 1939 (© SSPL/Getty Images)(1909) Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic, is announced
Leo Baekeland, a Belgian-born chemist working in New York, announces his invention of the world’s first manmade plastic material, naming it Bakelite. It will help launch the plastics revolution.
Bakelite, or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was developed by the Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York, in 1907.
Inventor: Leo Baekeland

wiki/Bakelite
(From left) Mary Pickford, D.W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks on the day they formed the United Artists corporation (© opical Press Agency/Getty Images)(1919) A powerhouse Hollywood quartet forms United Artists
Seeking artistic freedom and greater monetary rewards, director D.W. Griffith and actors Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks form their own production studio, United Artists.
United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks with the intention of controlling their own interests rather than depending upon commercial studios. The studio was repeatedly bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century.
Website: www.unitedartists.com
Founded: Feb 05, 1919
CEO: Mark Burnett
Founders: Charlie Chaplin · Mary Pickford · Douglas Fairbanks · D.W. Griffith
Headquarters: Beverly Hills, CA
Awards: Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year (1979) · Razzie Award for Worst Picture (1996) · Razzie Award for Worst Picture of the Decade (2000) · Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Nominations: Country Music Association Award for Album of the Year · Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel · Razzie Award for Worst Picture · Razzie Award for Worst Drama of Our First 25 Years

wiki/United_Artists
Customers buying sweets in a United Kingdom shop after rationing ended in 1953 (© Grace Robertson/Picture Post/Getty Images)(1953) Britain’s sweets rationing comes to an end
In place since the start of WWII, sweets rationing limited the amount of sugary goods the public could buy. The first day of unrationed sweets sees a run on toffee apples, nougat sticks, and licorice strips.
Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century, during and immediately after a war. At the start of the Second World War in 1939, the United Kingdom imported 20 million long tons of food per year, including about 70% of its cheese and sugar, nearly 80% of fruits and about 70% of cereals and fats. The U.K. also imported more than 50% of its meat and relied heavily on imported feed to support its domestic meat production. The civilian population of the country was about 50 million. It was one of the principal strategies of the Germans to attack shipping bound for Britain, restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission.
To deal with sometimes extreme shortages, the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing. To buy most rationed items, each person had to register at chosen shops, and was provided with a ration book containing coupons. The shopkeeper was provided with enough food for registered customers. Purchasers had to take ration books with them when shopping, so the relevant coupon or coupons could be cancelled.
wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom
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Today in History 01/16/17

Marble statue of Gaius Octavianus (© Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images)(27 BCE) The Roman Empire begins
The Roman Senate grants to Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, the title Augustus, giving him imperial powers, thus marking the end of the republic and the birth of an empire. Over the next five centuries, this world-shaking power will rise and fall in spectacular fashion.
The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. 400 AD, with Constantinople becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire’s populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants. The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian’s power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.
Founded: 27 BC
Dissolved: 1453
Population: 56.80 million (1 AD)
Area: 1.06 million sq miles (2.75 million km²)
Capitals: Rome · Constantinople · Ravenna
Official language: Latin

wiki/Roman_Empire
Painting of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich 'The Terrible' (© The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images)(1547) Ivan the Terrible crowned czar of Russia
Sixteen-year-old Ivan Vasilyevich begins a 37-year reign over Russia that will see him popular with common folk, feared by the nobility, prone to bouts of mental illness, and earning the infamous nickname.
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then “Tsar of All the Russias” until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors.
Lived: Aug 25, 1530 – Mar 28, 1584 (age 53)
Spouse: Maria Nagaya (m. 1581 – 1584) · Maria Dolgorukaya (m. 1580 – 1580) · Vasilisa Melentyeva (m. 1579 – 1579) · Anna Vasilchikova (m. 1575) · Anna Koltovskaya (m. 1572 – 1574) · Marfa Sobakina
Children: Feodor I of Russia (Son) · Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (Son) · Dmitry of Uglich (Son) · Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (Son) · Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna (Daughter) · Tsarevich Vasili Ivanovich
Parents: Vasili III of Russia (Father) · Elena Glinskaya (Mother)
Buried: Cathedral of the Archangel
Siblings: Kudeyar
Highlights
  • 1547: Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna on February 03, 1547; their marriage lasted 13 years till August 07, 1560.

  • 1550: The German merchant companies ignored the new port built by Ivan on the River Narva in 1550 and continued to deliver goods in the Baltic ports owned by Livonia.

  • 1551: In 1551 the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down the Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan.

  • 1552: On 16 June 1552 Ivan IV led a 150,000-strong Russian army towards Kazan.

  • 1556: In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga.

  • 1566: In 1566 Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight central districts.

wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible
Two men pour alcohol down a drain during Prohibition, circa 1920. (© Buyenlarge/Getty Images)(1919) Alcohol Prohibition ratified in US
Banning the making, selling, or transport of “intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” the 18th Amendment is ratified by the US after a strong push by a loose coalition of “dry crusaders.” Prohibition won’t go into effect for another year, but will be repealed in 1933.
Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. It was promoted by the “dry” crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic, and Republican parties. It gained a national grass roots base through the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. For example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law; however, in many areas, local laws were stricter, with some states banning possession outright. In the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Their opposition mobilized and nationwide, Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition.
Start date: 1920
End date: 1933

wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States
Band leader Benny Goodman (standing right) and his band perform in their debut perfomance at Carnegie Hall in New York City on Jan. 16, 1938 (© Robert A. Simon/Metronome/Getty Images)(1938) Jazz comes to Carnegie Hall
A full house greets Benny Goodman and his band, Count Basie’s band, and members of Duke Ellington’s orchestra, as the first jazz and swing music concert is held at New York’s famed Carnegie Hall.
The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert by Benny Goodman, Columbia Records catalogue item SL-160, is a two-disc LP of Swing music first issued in 1950. The program it captured has been described as “the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz’s “coming out” party to the world of “respectable” music.
Release year: 1950
Genre: Jazz, Dixieland / Traditional
Label: Hallmark
Artist: Benny Goodman

wiki/The_Famous_1938_Carnegie_Hall_Jazz_Concert
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Today in History

Today in History
(768) The future Holy Roman Emperor gets his first crown
768 His father Pepin the Short now dead, 26-year-old Charlemagne is elevated to King of the Franks. Charlemagne will only expand his power from here, founding the mighty Carolingian Empire, becoming the first Holy Roman emperor, and fusing Western Europe in a way not seen since the ancient Romans. .

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was King of the Franks. He united a large part of Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France, Germany and the Low Countries. He took the Frankish throne in 768 and became King of Italy in 774. From 800, he became the first Holy Roman Emperor—the first recognised emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Charlemagne already ruled his kingdom without the help of the Pope, but recognition from the pontiff granted him divine legitimacy in the eyes of his contemporaries.

Lived: 742 AD – 814 AD (age 71)

— Source: wiki/Charlemagne
(1000) A European visits North America for the first time
Son of Erik the Red, young Leif Erikson has exploration in his blood, and according to tradition he and his crew are now the first Europeans to set foot on North American soil, landing at what they will dub ‘Vinland.’ Scholars later peg the place as L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada. . 1000

Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson was a Norse explorer regarded as the first European to land in North America, nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L’Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. It is believed that Leif, was born in Iceland around the 970s—the son of mother Thjóðhildr and father Erik the Red, an explorer and outlaw from Western Norway. Erik founded the first Norse colonies in Greenland, and was based at the family estate Brattahlíð in the so-called Eastern Settlement, where Leif had his upbringing. Leif had two known sons: Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides; and Thorkell, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Greenland settlement.

Birthplace: Iceland
Died: 1020
Romance: Unnamed mother of Thorkell Leifsson
Parents: Erik the Red (Father) · Thjodhild (Mother)
Children: Thorkell Leif (Son) · Thorgils Leif (Son)
Siblings: Freydís Eiríksdóttir (Sister) · Thorvald Eiriksson (Brother) · Thorstein Eiriksson (Sister)

— Source: wiki/Leif_Erikson
(1919) Sox players fix games and Reds win World Series
1919 Some gamblers are the only real winners as the Cincinnati Reds beat the Chicago White Sox in a baseball World Series marred by painfully bad plays coming from the soon-to-be nicknamed ‘Eight Men Out,’ Sox players who colluded with bookies to throw the games so their rivals would win. .

The 1919 World Series matched the American League champion Chicago White Sox against the National League champion Cincinnati Reds. Although most World Series have been of the best-of-seven format, the 1919 World Series was a best-of-nine series. Baseball decided to try the best-of-nine format partly to increase popularity of the sport and partly to generate more revenue.

Start date: Oct 01, 1919
End date: Oct 09, 1919
Runners-up: Chicago White Sox
Champion: Cincinnati Reds

— Source: wiki/1919_World_Series
(1985) Yoko Ono unveils a place of peace for Lennon
On what would’ve been John Lennon’s 45th birthday, his widow Yoko Ono dedicates an area of New York City’s Central Park to the memory of her slain husband. ‘Strawberry Fields,’ named for one of Lennon’s songs, opens almost five years after the beloved musician’s death shocked the world.. 1985

Strawberry Fields is a 2.5-acre landscaped section in New York City’s Central Park that is dedicated to the memory of former Beatle John Lennon. It is named after the Beatles’ song “Strawberry Fields Forever” written by Lennon.

— Source: wiki/Strawberry_Fields_(memorial)
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