Today in History ^01/01/17

January 1, 2017 by GµårÐïåñ

The first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the cabinet' Re-enactment of Abraham Lincoln signing the Emancipation Proclamation on July 22, 1862. Depicted, from left to right are: Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, President Lincoln, Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior, William H. Seward, Secretary of State, Montgomery Blair, Postmaster General, and Edward Bates, Attorney General. (Photo by: Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty images)

(1863) Emancipation Proclamation takes effect

President Abraham Lincoln’s executive order proclaiming the freedom of all slaves held in rebel states goes into effect, signaling an ideological change in the Union’s reasons for fighting the Civil War

The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It purported to change the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from “slave” to “free”, although its immediate effect was less. It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally free. Eventually it reached and liberated all of the designated slaves. It was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch of the United States.

Start date: Sep 22, 1862
End date: Jan 01, 1863
wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation

Ellis Island, New York, New York, 1895. (Photo by Geo. P. Hall & Son/The New York Historical Society/Getty Images)

(1892) Ellis Island immigrant gateway opens

The processing center on Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay opens its doors to immigrants. By 1954, ancestors of over 100 million Americans alive today will have begun their journey to US citizenship here.

Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States as the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station for over sixty years from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990. Long considered part of New York state, a 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found that most of the island is in New Jersey. The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

Website: www.libertyellisfoundation.org
Address: New York Hbr, New York, NY 10017
Phone: (212) 363-3200
Established: Jan 01, 1892
Managed by: National Park Service
wiki/Ellis_Island

(GERMANY OUT) *13.08.1926-Politiker, Kuba- während einer Rede1960 (Photo by Jochen Blume/ullstein bild via Getty Images)

(1959) Castro seizes power in Cuba

Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro and his rebel army take control of the Caribbean island nation, culminating their uprising against President Fulgencio Batista and causing a shift in the global geopolitical landscape.

The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro’s 26th of July Movement and its allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and continued sporadically until the rebels finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. The 26th of July Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965.

Start date: Jul 26, 1953
End date: Jan 01, 1959
wiki/Cuban_Revolution

A detailed view of UCLA's Interface Message Processor (IMP) is seen in a storage closet, where it had been stored for over 20 years, at 3420 Boelter Hall in UCLA, May 3, 2011. UCLA professor Leonard Kleinrock and his team used the Interface Message Processor, IMP, the packet-switching node used to interconnect participant networks to the ARPANET to send the first message, the letters LO to Standford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. The UCLA Department of Computer Science and Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have collaborated in creating the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive (KIHSA) with the center recreating the lab at its original site in 3420 Boelter Hall, moving the IMP back to the room from which that first message was sent. The recreated lab will open October 29 with a reunion of the computer scientists responsible for the first message. Picture taken May 3, 2011. REUTERS/Fred Prouser (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS TELECOMS)

(1983) The Internet is born

ARPANET, an early computer network for universities and research labs, changes to TCP/IP protocols, which allows more flexible and powerful connections, and launches a communications revolution.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense.

Inventor: DARPA
wiki/ARPANET

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Today in History ^12/18/16

December 18, 2016 by GµårÐïåñ

(1888) Cowboys stumble upon an ancient “palace” on a cliff

Two cowboys, Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason, are out looking for stray cattle in southwestern Colorado when they spy ruins of ancient dwellings high on a mesa. Wetherill dubs it Cliff Palace and the name will stick. The former home of Ancestral Puebloans will come to be considered the largest cliff dwelling in North America.
Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in North America. The structure built by the Ancestral Puebloans is located in Mesa Verde National Park in their former homeland region. The cliff dwelling and park are in the southwestern corner of Colorado, in the Southwestern United States. Address: Ruins Rd, Uninc Montezuma County, CO 81330 Phone: (970) 529-4461 — Source: wiki/Cliff_Palace
(1892) ‘The Nutcracker Suite’ premieres in St. Petersburg, Russia

The new two-act ballet, choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, with music by Pyotr Tchaikovsky gets an ambivalent reaction from critics. But the score will become one of Tchaikovsky’s most famous compositions and many ballet companies will rely on ‘Nutcracker’ ticket sales each Christmas season.
The Nutcracker is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The libretto is adapted from E.T.A. Hoffmann’s story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, by way of Alexandre Dumas’ adapted story ‘The Nutcracker’. It was given its première at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18, 1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovsky’s opera Iolanta. Composer: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Adaptations: The Nutcracker in 3D (2010) · Nutcracker: The Motion Picture (1986) · Shchelkunchik (1973) · Nutcracker Fantasy (1979) · Nutcracker Rouge · Nutcracker Compositional form: Ballet — Source: wiki/The_Nutcracker
(1915) US President Woodrow Wilson marries socialite

Woodrow Wilson, 59, marries a 43-year-old Washington, DC, socialite, Edith Bolling Galt. Presidential advisors voice concern about the marriage just a year after Wilson’s first wife had died. Wilson will suffer a stroke during his second term, leaving Edith to run many routine affairs of his administration.
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She met the President in March 1915 and they married nine months later. Lived: Oct 15, 1872 – Dec 28, 1961 (age 89) Spouse: Woodrow Wilson (m. 1915 – 1924) · Norman Galt (m. 1896 – 1908) Buried: Washington National Cathedral Children: Margaret Woodrow Wilson · Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre · Eleanor “Nellie” Randolph McAdoo · Jessie Woodrow Sayre · Infant Galt Previous office: First Lady of the United States (1915 – 1921) Education: Emory and Henry College Highlights 1896: Edith Wilson married Norman Galt on April 01, 1896; their marriage lasted 12 years till 1908. 1896: While visiting her married sister in Washington, D.C., Edith met Norman Galt (1864-1908), a prominent jeweler; they married on April 30, 1896 and lived in the capital for the next 12 years. 1915: Wilson married Edith Bolling Galt on December 18, 1915 at her home in Washington, D.C. 1916: In 1916, the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) was commissioned by Colonel Edward M. House to paint a portrait of Mrs. Wilson, which he did in the White House. 1919: Following his attendance at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Wilson returned to campaign for Senate approval of the peace treaty and the League of Nations Covenant. 1921: In 1921, Edith Wilson retired with the former president to their home on S Street NW in Washington, D.C., nursing him until his death three years later. — Source: wiki/Edith_Wilson
(1957) First civilian nuclear power plant goes online

The Shippingport Atomic Power Station, in Pennsylvania, is up and running, generating electricity for the first time. The $72 million plant, which is the world’s first large-scale nuclear power facility, will supply power to the Pittsburgh area for 25 years until it’s retired in 1982.
The Shippingport Atomic Power Station was the world’s first full-scale atomic electric power plant devoted exclusively to peacetime uses. It was located near the present-day Beaver Valley Nuclear Generating Station on the Ohio River in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States, about 25 miles from Pittsburgh. Opened: 1957 — Source: wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station
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Today in History ^11/12/16

November 12, 2016 by GµårÐïåñ

(1892) Pudge Heffelfinger is the first professional football player

	William ‘Pudge’ Heffelfinger is paid $500 to play a game in Pittsburgh. The 6′-3″, 200-pounder scores the only points in the Allegheny Athletic Association’s win over the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Heffelfinger will go on to be a college football coach and mount an unsuccessful bid for US Congress..
William Walter “Pudge” Heffelfinger was an American football player and coach. He is considered the first athlete to play football professionally, having been paid to play in 1892. Born: Dec 20, 1867 · Minneapolis, MN Died: Apr 02, 1954 · Blessing, TX Education: Yale University Awards: College Football All-America Team (1889) · SI’s All-time College All-Stars (2008) Highlights 1888: Heffelfinger, a three-time All-American, played for Walter Camp at Yale College in 1888, 1889, 1890, and 1891. 1889: William Heffelfinger was awarded College Football All-America Team in 1889. 1892: It would be more than half a century before college graduate Heffelfinger would be recognized for being secretly paid $500 to play a football game in 1892. 1895: Heffelfinger also coached the University of Minnesota football team in 1895. 1954: William Heffelfinger died on April 02, 1954 in Blessing, United States. — Source: wiki/William_Heffelfinger
(1954) Ellis Island closes its doors

Having processed about 12 million immigrants seeking entry to the US since it opened in 1892, Ellis Island shuts down operations. In the shadow of the Statue of Liberty, the processing center will fall into disrepair but the main building will be restored and will reopen in 1990 to host a museum of immigration. .
Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States as the nation’s busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990. Long considered part of New York state, a 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found that most of the island is in New Jersey. The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island. Address: New York Hbr, New York, NY 10017 Phone: (212) 363-3200 Website: www.libertyellisfoundation.org Established: Jan 01, 1892 Area: 1,197,900 sq feet (111,289 m²) Managed by: National Park Service — Source: wiki/Ellis_Island
(1969) Journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai massacre story

	Freelance reporter Seymour Hersh breaks the story of a massacre in a Vietnamese village where hundreds of civilians were gunned down by US troops. The story of the horrific act and its subsequent cover-up gets widespread coverage and will help erode US public support for the Vietnam War. .
Seymour Myron “Sy” Hersh is an American investigative journalist and political writer based in Washington, D.C. He is a longtime contributor to The New Yorker magazine on national security matters and has also written for the London Review of Books since 2013. Born: Apr 08, 1937 (age 79) · Chicago, IL Spouse: Sarah Klein (m. 1958) Awards: Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting (1970) · George Polk Awards · National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction (1983) Education: University of Chicago Nominations: National Book Award for Contemporary Affairs (1973) Highlights 1958: Seymour Hersh married Sarah Klein in 1958. 1970: His subsequent investigation, sold to the Dispatch News Service, was run in thirty-three newspapers and exposed the My Lai massacre, winning him the Pulitzer Prize in 1970. 1975: In 1975, Hersh was active in the investigation and reporting of Project Azorian (which he called Project Jennifer), the CIA’s clandestine effort to raise a Soviet submarine using the Howard Hughes’ Glomar Explorer. 1983: Nonetheless, Hersh’s Watergate investigations led him in 1983 to the publication of The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, a damning portrait of Henry Kissinger that won the National Book Critics Circle Award. 2004: In May 2004, Hersh published a series of articles which described the treatment of detainees by US military police at Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad, Iraq. 2006: In August 2006, in an article in The New Yorker, Hersh wrote that the White House gave the green light for the Israeli government to execute an attack on Hezbollah in Lebanon. 2007: In March 2007, Hersh asserted in a New Yorker piece that the United States and Saudi governments were funding the terrorist organization Fatah al-Islam through aid to Lebanese Sunni Prime Minister Fouad Siniora. — Source: wiki/Seymour_Hersh
(1990) A worldwide web of internet communication is proposed

English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee publishes a proposal to interlink communications via the internet through hypertext, like this, for a project called “WorldWideWeb,” a web of documents viewed by “browsers.” Within weeks, he’ll have built the necessary infrastructure and published the first web pages, describing this very project..
The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. The World Wide Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. Inventors: Tim Berners-Lee · Robert Cailliau Academic conferences: WWW 2016 · CIKM 2015 · AAAI 2016 · CHI 2016 · IJCAI 2016 · VLDB 2015 · ISWC 2014 · SIGIR 2016 · ICDE 2016 · KDD 2016 · SIGMOD 2016 · INFOCOM 2016 · WISE 2015 — Source: wiki/World_Wide_Web
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Today in History

October 5, 2016 by GµårÐïåñ

(1892) Outlaws meet their match on Kansas streets

	Coffeyville, Kansas proves to be the end of the line for the infamous Dalton Gang, as a plan to stage two simultaneous bank robberies in broad daylight goes awry. The citizens put a stop to the gang’s two-year crime spree after a delay in one of the robberies allows folks to arm themselves for a standoff. .
The Dalton Gang was a group of outlaws in the American Old West during 1890–1892. It was also known as The Dalton Brothers because three of its members were brothers. The gang specialized in bank and train robberies. During an attempted bank robbery in Coffeyville, Kansas in 1892, two of the brothers and two other gang members were killed; Emmett survived and was captured, tried, and convicted. He was paroled after serving 14 years in prison. Founded: Mar 21, 1890 — Source: wiki/Dalton_Gang
(1919) Ferrari takes to the track

Enzo Ferrari, 21, drives in his first competition at the Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race and takes fourth place. His race results will rise in the coming years but the Modena, Italy native will find more fame by founding a company whose products are as fast as they are flash..
Enzo Anselmo Ferrari, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian motor racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari automobile marque. He was widely known as “il Commendatore” or “il Drake”. In his final years he was often referred to as “l’Ingegnere” or “il Grande Vecchio”. Lived: Feb 18, 1898 – Aug 14, 1988 (age 90) Height: 6′ 2″ (1.87 m) Spouse: Laura Dominica Garello Ferrari (m. 1932 – 1978) Founded: Ferrari · Scuderia Ferrari Movies: The Snake and the Stallion Children: Piero Ferrari (Son) · Alfredo Ferrari (Son) — Source: wiki/Enzo_Ferrari
(1962) ‘Dr. No’ launches Agent 007 into cinema legend

$1962$	Bond, James Bond, makes his cinematic entrance, as ‘Dr. No’ premieres in London. The film will be released in the rest of the world over the next several months, and the film’s lead, Sean Connery, will become forever associated with the super spy. The Bond film series will be long-lived and lucrative..
A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program. [ Synopsis @IMDB ] Release date: Oct 07, 1962 (United Kingdom) Director: Terence Young Box office gross: $59.50 million USD Sequel: From Russia with Love Story by: Ian Fleming Music by: John Barry · Monty Norman — Source: imdb.com/title/tt0055928 — Additional Source: wiki/Dr._No_(film)
(1969) BBC-TV premieres something completely different

Five Brits and one American write and star in the BBC’s new sketch comedy show, ‘Monty Python’s Flying Circus.’ Their particular brand of silly, surreal mayhem will change the comedy landscape over 45 episodes that at first garner a cult following before achieving worldwide fame. .
The irreverent Monty Python comedy troupe present a series of skits which are often surreal, bawdy, uncompromising and/or tasteless, but nearly always hilarious. First episode: Oct 05, 1969 Number of episodes: 45 Episode duration: 30 minutes Creator: Monty Python Theme song: The Liberty Bell Genres: Sketch comedy · Comedy · Satire — Source: wiki/Monty_Python’s_Flying_Circus
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