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Major Mike

Knowledge is Power - Share the Power

1867

Today in History 06/19/17

June 19, 2017 by GµårÐïåñ
Participants march in the Juneteenth celebration parade through the streets of Harlem in New York in 2011 (© Richard Levine/Alamy)(1865) Last slaves in America are declared free
General Gordon Granger arrives on Galveston Island, Texas, with official news for the state’s slaves: More than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation had been implemented, America’s remaining slaves are freed. The day will be celebrated in Texas, and later in other states, as ‘Juneteenth.’
Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, is a holiday that commemorates the June 19, 1865 announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas, and more generally the emancipation of African-American slaves throughout the Confederate South. Celebrated on June 19, the word is a portmanteau of “June” and “nineteenth”. Juneteenth is recognized as a state holiday or special day of observance in most states.
wiki/Juneteenth
Emperor of Mexico and Archduke of Austria, Maximillian I, circa 1860 (© Imagno/Getty Images)(1867) Austrian-born Emperor of Mexico faces firing squad
Born in Vienna’s Schönbrunn Palace as a descendant of the House of Habsburg, brother to Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I, and installed as the ruler of Mexico by France’s Napoleon III, Maximilian I ends his 3-year reign as Mexico’s emperor in front of Benito Juarez’s firing squad.

Maximilian (Spanish: Maximiliano; born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. He was a younger brother of the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph I. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he accepted an offer by Napoleon III of France to rule Mexico. France (along with the United Kingdom and Spain, who both withdrew the following year after negotiating agreements with Mexico’s democratic government) had invaded Mexico in the winter of 1861, as part of the War of the French Intervention. Seeking to legitimize French rule in the Americas, Napoleon III invited Maximilian to establish a new Mexican monarchy for him. With the support of the French army, and a group of conservative Mexican monarchists hostile to the liberal administration of new Mexican President Benito Juárez, Maximilian traveled to Mexico. Once there, he declared himself Emperor of Mexico on 10 April 1864.

The Empire managed to gain recognition by major European powers including Britain, Austria, and Prussia. The United States however, continued to recognize Juarez as the legal president of Mexico. Maximilian never completely defeated the Mexican Republic; Republican forces led by President Benito Juárez continued to be active during Maximilian’s rule. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States (which had been too distracted by its own civil war to confront the Europeans’ 1861 invasion of what it considered to be its sphere of influence) began more explicit aid of President Juárez’s forces. Matters worsened for Maximilian after the French armies withdrew from Mexico in 1866. His self-declared empire collapsed, and he was captured and executed by the Mexican government in 1867. His wife, Charlotte of Belgium (Carlota), had left for Europe earlier to try to build support for her husband’s regime; after his execution, she suffered an emotional collapse and was declared insane.


wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico
Sonora Dodd, founder of Father's Day (© Nicholas K. Geranios/AP)(1910) Daughter of Civil War vet inaugurates Father’s Day
After hearing a Mother’s Day sermon, Sonora Dodd inaugurates a Father’s Day celebration to honor her father, a Civil War vet and single dad of six children. Dodd’s campaigning will take decades, but the third Sunday in June will catch on throughout the US as a day to honor dads.
Father’s Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907. It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909. It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June.
wiki/Father’s_Day_(United_States)
Lord Lucan, Richard John Bingham, aristocrat and alleged murderer in 1963 (© Douglas Miller/Keystone/Getty Images)(1975) Missing member of the House of Lords found guilty of murder
For the first time in more than two centuries, a member of Britain’s House of Lords is found guilty of murder. But Richard John Bingham, the 7th Earl of Lucan, is not present to receive sentencing for the bludgeoning death of his children’s nanny, having disappeared months previously.
Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer suspected of murder who disappeared in 1974. He was born into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family in Marylebone, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan, by his marriage to Kaitlin Dawson. An evacuee during the Second World War, Lucan returned to attend Eton College, and then from 1953 to 1955 served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany. He developed a taste for gambling and, skilled at backgammon and bridge, became an early member of the Clermont Club. Although his losses often exceeded his winnings, he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler. He was known as Lord Bingham during his father’s earldom from April 1949 until January 1964.
Born: Dec 18, 1934 · Marylebone, England
Died: 1981
Children: George Bingham, 8th Earl of Lucan (Son) · Lady Frances Bingham (Daughter)
Parents: George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan (Father)
Education: Eton College
Highlights
  • 1960: In 1960 he met Stephen Raphael, a rich stockbroker who was a skilled backgammon player.

  • 1964: Two months after the wedding, on 21 January 1964, the 6th Earl of Lucan died of a stroke.

  • 1972: The combined pressures of maintaining their finances, paying for Lucan’s gambling addiction and Veronica’s weakened mental condition took their toll on the marriage; two weeks after a strained family Christmas in 1972, Lucan moved into a small property in Eaton Row.

  • 1972: Lucan told his friends that nobody would work for Veronica (she sacked the children’s long-term nanny, Lillian Jenkins, in December 1972).

  • 1974: The last confirmed sighting of Lucan was at about 1:15 am on 8 November 1974 as he exited the driveway of the Maxwell-Scott property, in his friend’s Ford Corsair.

  • 1974: A warrant for Lucan’s arrest, to answer charges of murdering Sandra Rivett, and attempting to murder his wife, was issued on Tuesday 12 November 1974.

wiki/John_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan
4.2.m17

Posted in: History Tagged: 1865, 1867, 1910, 1975, history

Today in History 03/30/17

March 30, 2017 by GµårÐïåñ
Illustration of Secretary of State William Seward signing the Alaska purchase treaty in 1867 (© Pictorial Parade/Getty Images)(1867) Seward’s Folly nets the US vast Russian territory
Secretary of State William Seward purchases 586,412 square miles of land in the far northwest of Russian America. Many say “Seward’s icebox” isn’t worth $7.2 million, but the future state of Alaska will turn out to be a bargain.

Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States in 1859, believing the United States would off-set the designs of Russia’s greatest rival in the Pacific, Great Britain. The looming U.S. Civil War delayed the sale, but after the war, Secretary of State William Seward quickly took up a renewed Russian offer and on March 30, 1867, agreed to a proposal from Russian Minister in Washington, Edouard de Stoeckl, to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russia’s presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim.

For three decades after its purchase the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly,” but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959.


Alaska Purchase

history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase
wiki/Alaska_Purchase
Illustration by A.R. Waud of African-American men waiting for their turn to vote, published in Harper's Weekly in 1867 (Public domain)(1870) African-American men get the vote
Following a difficult ratification, the US Constitution’s 15th Amendment is adopted, formally granting all adult black men, regardless of “previous condition of servitude,” the right to vote. By the late 1870s, Southern states will nevertheless take various steps to disenfranchise black voters. It will take another 50 years for American women, of any race, to win the right to vote.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen’s “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.
wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
French military operations in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 1912 (© Photo12/UIG/Getty Images)(1912) Morocco becomes a French protectorate
The North African kingdom of Morocco, with its vast coastline in close proximity to Europe, has long been considered a colonial prize, and the Treaty of Fez now gives France dominion over the land and its people.

By the Treaty of Fez (Arabic: معاهدة فاس‎‎), signed March 30, 1912, Sultan Abdelhafid made Morocco a French protectorate, resolving the Agadir Crisis of July 1, 1911.

Germany recognised the French protectorate in Morocco, receiving in return territories in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo). This land, known as Neukamerun, became part of the German colony of Kamerun, part of German West Africa, although it only lasted briefly until it was captured by the allies in World War I. As part of the treaty, Germany ceded France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad.

Spain also gained a zone of influence in Northern Morocco which became Spanish Morocco. By the agreement signed with France and Spain in November that year, Spain gained a zone of influence in the Rif and the Cape Juby areas, where the sultan remained nominally the sovereign and was represented by a vice regent under the control of the Spanish high commission.

Private agreements among the United Kingdom, Italy and France in 1904, eg the Entente Cordiale, made without consulting the sultan, had divided the Maghreb into spheres of influence, with France given Morocco. In Morocco, the young sultan Abdelaziz acceded in 1894 at the age of ten, and Europeans became the main advisors at the court, while local rulers became more and more independent from the sultan. The sultan was deposed in 1908. Moroccan law and order continued to deteriorate under his successor, Abdelhafid, who abdicated in favour of his brother Yusef after signing the Treaty of Fez.

The Treaty of Fez granted the concession for exploitation of the iron mines of Mount Uixan to the Spanish Rif Mines Company, which was also given permission to build a railroad to connect the mines with Melilla.

The treaty was perceived as a betrayal by Moroccan nationalists and led to the 1912 Fez riots and the War of the Rif (1919–26) between the Spanish and the Moroccan Rif and the Jebala tribes. Their leader became Abd el-Krim, who, after driving back the Spanish, founded a short-lived nationalist Republic of the Rif.


wiki/Treaty_of_Fez
President Ronald Reagan looks up as a secret service agent pushes the president into his limousine after he was shot on March 30, 1981 (© Ron Edmonds/AP)(1981) Gunman opens fire on President Reagan
As he’s leaving a Washington, DC, hotel, President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley, Jr. Doctors will later reveal that the bullet missed the president’s heart by just an inch.
The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr. One of them died decades later of related injuries. Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest and in the lower right arm. He suffered a punctured lung and heavy internal bleeding, but prompt medical attention allowed him to recover quickly. No formal invocation of presidential succession took place, although Secretary of State Alexander Haig controversially stated that he was “in control here” while Vice President George H. W. Bush returned to Washington. Nobody was initially killed in the attack, but Press Secretary James Brady, who was left paralyzed and permanently disabled from a gunshot wound to the head, died in 2014 of causes a Virginia medical examiner said directly relate to the 1981 shooting.
Date: Mar 30, 1981

wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan
3.3.f17

Posted in: History Tagged: 1867, 1870, 1912, 1981, history
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